{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T10:09:08Z","timestamp":1758190148738,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center, of the National Institute of Health under through the Malawi HIV Implementation Research Scientist Training (MHIRST).","award":["D43TW010060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malawi\u2019s prisons are overcrowded, contributing to tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and service delivery gaps for both conditions. We applied an empirically supported three-stage model of HIV\/TB care to guide the improvement of TB\/HIV service delivery in select Malawian prisons.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a pilot implementation research study using multimethods from May 2022 to April 2023.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two semi-urban prisons in Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We purposively sampled participants detained at the study sites during the study period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and intervention<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We collected data on sociodemographics, medical history and screening results for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV and TB results. We conducted in-depth interviews with prison professional staff and used content analysis to explore the feasibility of implementing the three-stage model of HIV and TB care in Malawian prisons.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean participant age was 35 years (SD 12.2 years). We screened 100 out of 647 (15%) incarcerated people for TB\/HIV according to the three-stage model and identified the following: five cases of TB disease; two cases of HIV-associated TB; seven persons living with HIV; eight persons diagnosed and treated for STIs, including genital ulcer disease and syphilis. For those tested for HIV at entry, midpoint and exit screening, there was no documented case of seroconversion during the incarceration period. There was evidence of potential STI transmission during incarceration, as suggested by a 4% rate of new urethral discharge among participants. Qualitative data suggest that it is feasible to implement the three-stage model of HIV\/TB in the Malawi prison setting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found evidence of HIV, TB and STIs among incarcerated people in two semi-urban prisons in Malawi, with low HIV status awareness on prison entry. It is feasible to implement the three-stage model of HIV\/TB in prison settings, although with material support to overcome implementation challenges. Coordination with Ministry of Health officials could facilitate model feasibility and sustainability in Malawi\u2019s prisons.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T06:25:49Z","timestamp":1758090349000},"page":"e104093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and acceptability of implementing the three-stage model of HIV and tuberculosis care in prisons in sub-Saharan Africa: a pilot implementation research study from Central Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1308-5950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Samwiri Nkambule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E","family":"Herce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4705-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balwani Chingatichifwe","family":"Mbakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Livingstonia, Mzuzu, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091623252101000_15.9.e104093.1","unstructured":"Dara M , Chorgoliani D , Colombani P . TB prevention and control care in prisons. 2014."},{"key":"2025091623252101000_15.9.e104093.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4","article-title":"Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees","volume":"388","author":"Dolan","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025091623252101000_15.9.e104093.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S265","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis029","article-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV control in sub-Saharan African prisons: \u201cthinking outside the prison cell\u201d","volume":"205 Suppl 2","author":"Reid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025091623252101000_15.9.e104093.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Regional office for europe. 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