{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:42:09Z","timestamp":1767796929145,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029676\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029676\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explored how key sociodemographic characteristics were associated with correct knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (ABR) and appropriate usage of antibiotics from a One Health perspective among rural community members in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional single-period survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rural villages in Cumilla district, Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eligibility criteria: aged \u226518. Across 50 clusters of villages, we approached 2160 community members and 2187 (98.8%) agreed to participate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes: we collected two knowledge outcomes measuring the number of correctly answered binary\/multiple-choice questions about (1) antibiotics and ABR and appropriate usage of antibiotics in relation to human illness and (2) antibiotics and ABR and appropriate usage of antibiotics in relation to animal health and the environment. Secondary outcomes: self-reported awareness of (1) antibiotics and (2) ABR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several sociodemographic characteristics were associated with variation in both knowledge outcomes. Education showed the strongest associations, with higher education levels associated with higher knowledge scores. For example, compared with having no formal\/incomplete primary education, having higher education was associated with 10\u2009percentage points (95%\u2009CI 8 to 12) and 6\u2009percentage points (95%\u2009CI 3 to 8) higher mean knowledge scores for the knowledge outcomes 1 and 2, respectively. Having worked in the last month compared with not having worked was also weakly positively associated with both knowledge outcomes, and being female compared with being male was also weakly negatively associated with both knowledge outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Better public education is required to tackle ABR in Bangladesh but correct knowledge about antibiotics and ABR and appropriate usage of antibiotics in relation to humans, animals and the environment varies in relation to individuals\u2019 education level, sex and working status. To maximise their effectiveness, interventions to tackle ABR must be flexible given recipients\u2019 sociodemographic characteristics and pre-existing knowledge levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T10:50:17Z","timestamp":1766055017000},"page":"e104131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance and usage of antibiotics from a One Health perspective in rural Bangladesh: a descriptive cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Paul","family":"Hicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rumana","family":"Huque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARK Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fariza","family":"Fieroze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARK Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Badruddin","family":"Saify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARK Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Ensor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8303-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaleda","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARK Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Latham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aninda","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General Health Services, Government of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Nazmul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General Health Services, Government of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703472060000_15.12.e104131.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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