{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:06:06Z","timestamp":1758931566862,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013200","name":"Government of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive, fatal motor neuron disease. Diagnostic delay severely impairs patient access to ALS multidisciplinary clinics, available disease-modifying medications and therapies that may prolong survival.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate how patient and physician perspectives might be leveraged to promote timely ALS diagnosis, and how system-level barriers might be addressed to promote appropriate referral to ALS multidisciplinary care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A qualitative study in Alberta, Canada, used human-centred design and interviews to map the diagnostic journeys of ALS patients and identify individual-level and system-level diagnostic barriers and opportunities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>30 semistructured interviews (10 patients; 20 physicians) were conducted. Data were inductively analysed with the aid of Miro board software. Patient and physician data were triangulated to identify key phases of the journey from symptom onset to confirmed ALS diagnosis and themes related to the diagnostic barriers and opportunities. Journey maps were created to visualise the diagnostic journey.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patient journeys were comprised of five phases and commonly involved iterative cycles of referral and testing before an ALS diagnosis was confirmed. Four primary themes related to diagnostic barriers: difficulty recognising and responding effectively to early-stage ALS symptoms, absence of a single definitive diagnostic test, long wait times between referrals and clinical visits, and physician reluctance to pronounce an ALS diagnosis. Analysis indicated three approaches for improving diagnostic processes: increase ALS awareness; improve communication between referring physicians and physicians receiving referrals (consultants); and develop physician, diagnostic testing and multidisciplinary clinic referral forms that will guide symptom assessment and accurate referral.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Timely ALS diagnosis is challenging for patients navigating the frequently prolonged, circuitous diagnostic journey and physicians who struggle with referral pathways and the efficient diagnosis of this rare disease. Findings demonstrate the importance of increased ALS awareness and effective communication and response within referral pathways. Recommendations include strengthening the clinical approach of community-based physicians and supporting access and referral pathways. Current initiatives arising from this investigation seek to achieve meaningful change in timely referrals for progressive neurological diseases like ALS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:02:22Z","timestamp":1758877342000},"page":"e104139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Challenges and opportunities for expediting ALS diagnosis in Alberta, Canada: a human-centred design approach"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicole N","family":"Ofosu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Westerly","family":"Luth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, 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