{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:15:17Z","timestamp":1758845717211,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sue Struengmann initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experience exceptionally high levels of trauma, including experiencing multiple forms of abuse and witnessing violence. Exposure to such traumatic events may lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or other health-related or behaviour-related harms. Untreated PTSD in adolescents results in significant impairments in their adaptive, social, emotional and academic functioning. To date, various intervention strategies have been developed internationally to reduce the severity of PTSD symptoms among children and adolescents. However, despite the documented mental health burden, there is limited evidence of culturally and contextually appropriate PTSD interventions in SSA. The objective of this scoping review is to investigate the evidence-based treatments available for adolescents diagnosed with PTSD in SAA. This investigation includes evaluating whether identified treatments were considered culturally and contextually appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This scoping review will follow the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O\u2019Malley. This framework outlines six essential stages for conducting scoping reviews: (1) Defining the research question, (2) Locating pertinent studies, (3) Study selection, (4) Charting the data, (5) Collating, summarising and reporting the results and (6) Consulting with stakeholders. Findings will be presented using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Major databases, including PubMed (Medline), Scopus Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Education Resources Information Centre, Healthsource: Nursing\/Academic, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and SocINDEX will be searched.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review will not involve the collection of primary data from human participants. While formal ethics approval is not required, permission to conduct the study has been obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Cape Town. The results of the scoping review will be submitted to a relevant academic journal, including presentations at relevant conferences, to contribute to academic literature and inform future research.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:36:14Z","timestamp":1758796574000},"page":"e104280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying evidence-based treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2226-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cebokazi","family":"Ngcakani Mtati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alan J. Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Sorsdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alan J. Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2138-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"van der Westhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alan J. Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.1","unstructured":"APA . Trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edn. APA, 2022:301\u20133."},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Past-year Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review and Minimum Estimates","volume":"137","author":"Hillis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.131227"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251689","article-title":"The prevalence of mental health problems in sub-Saharan adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"J\u00f6rns-Presentati","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.592"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y , Zhou Y , Chen X , et al . Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: some recent research findings. IntechOpen, 2020.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.92284"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102148","article-title":"Understanding mental health and its determinants from the perspective of adolescents: A qualitative study across diverse social settings in Indonesia","volume":"52","author":"Willenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-021-00378-6","article-title":"Sexual Risk Behavior among Adolescents Seeking Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Exploring Psychosocial & Symptom Correlates","volume":"15","author":"Banks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Adol Trauma"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Adolescents Schooled in Public Schools","volume":"05","author":"Astitene","year":"2018","journal-title":"OAlib"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509350075"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000068","article-title":"Mechanistic Role of Emotion Regulation in the PTSD and Alcohol Association","volume":"22","author":"Radomski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traumatology (Tallahass Fla)"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v20i1.441","article-title":"Children and adolescents treated for post-traumatic stress disorder at the Free State Psychiatric Complex","volume":"20","author":"Calitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"S Afr J Psych"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2021.1979950","article-title":"Unity or diversity of executive functioning in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Nyvold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-009-0001-x"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.16","first-page":"298","article-title":"Comorbidity in children and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"22","author":"Burgi\u0107-Radmanovi\u0107","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121730","article-title":"Emotional Dysregulation and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms: Which Interaction in Adolescents and Young Adults? A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Conti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-022-00453-w","article-title":"Maladaptive cognitions and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"37","author":"Ouhmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.19","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Gillies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.20","article-title":"Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults","volume":"2013","author":"Bisson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.21","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Gkintoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922814540793"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.11.001"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221126182","article-title":"Family Function and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2079845","article-title":"Common elements of evidence-based trauma therapy for children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Kooij","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300255"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/its.20518"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559520961176","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Controlled-Trials for PTSD in Maltreated Children and Adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Bennett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/13-097"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.088","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: The state of the art of efficacy in children and adolescent with post traumatic stress disorder","volume":"282","author":"Manzoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1558708","article-title":"Treating children and adolescents with multiple traumas: a randomized clinical trial of narrative exposure therapy","volume":"10","author":"Peltonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12094"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293988","article-title":"Effectiveness of school-based psychological interventions for the treatment of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Tareke","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.04.017"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.130","article-title":"Prolonged exposure therapy and supportive counselling for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents: task-shifting randomised controlled trial","volume":"213","author":"Rossouw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2181602","article-title":"Effectiveness of abbreviated trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for South African adolescents: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Kaminer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1221","article-title":"PROTOCOL: Child and adolescent mental health and psychosocial support interventions: An evidence and gap map of low- and middle-income countries","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20938"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31509-X","article-title":"The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"390","author":"Agyepong","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czx014"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.41","unstructured":"UNICEF . Progress on children\u2019s well-being: centring child rights in the 2030 agenda. 2023."},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20532","article-title":"Scaling up psychological treatments for common mental disorders: a call to action","volume":"17","author":"Singla","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spedding M , Stein DJ , Naledi T , et al . A task-sharing intervention for prepartum common mental disorders: Feasibility, acceptability and responses in a South African sample. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2020;12. doi:10.4102\/phcfm.v12i1.2378","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v12i1.2378"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1028-x","article-title":"Innovative Models in Mental Health Delivery Systems: Task Sharing Care with Non-specialist Providers to Close the Mental Health Treatment Gap","volume":"21","author":"Raviola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00734-0"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/00207411.2020.1798720","article-title":"A systematic review of task shifting for mental health in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"49","author":"Galvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01641-5","article-title":"Comparing dedicated and designated approaches to integrating task-shared psychological interventions into chronic disease care in South Africa: a three-arm, cluster randomised, multicentre, open-label trial","volume":"400","author":"Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06655-5","article-title":"ImpACT+, a coping intervention to improve clinical outcomes for women living with HIV and sexual trauma in South Africa: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Sikkema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19102"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.53","first-page":"141","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBI Evid Implement"},{"key":"2025092503352017000_15.9.e104280.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:36:24Z","timestamp":1758796584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}