{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:36:23Z","timestamp":1787016983428,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aims to: (1) evaluate how behavioural and psychological factors have been incorporated into cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction models; (2) assess their impact on model performance metrics such as area under the curve (AUC) and net reclassification index (NRI); and (3) identify which specific variables are most consistently associated with predictive improvements. This protocol is reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015, and the systematic review will follow the Cochrane Handbook and report findings based on PRISMA 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review protocol developed in accordance with the (PRISMA-P) 2015 guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic searches will be carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, limited to studies published from 2019 to 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peer-reviewed original studies involving adult populations (\u226518 years) at risk of CVD, incorporating at least one behavioural or psychological variable into a CVD risk prediction model. Studies must report model performance metrics such as AUC or NRI. Studies focusing solely on biochemical or demographic factors, paediatric populations, or non-CVD outcomes will be excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two independent reviewers will screen eligible studies, extract data and assess study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. A narrative synthesis will be performed, with meta-analysis conducted if feasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval is not required for this study. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD420251014218.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T05:55:20Z","timestamp":1759470920000},"page":"e104349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incorporating behavioural and psychological factors into cardiovascular disease risk prediction models: protocol for a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Jeffrey Cheah Sunway Medical School, Sunway University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Choon-Si","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Jeffrey Cheah Sunway Medical School, Sunway University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long Chiau","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Jeffrey Cheah Sunway Medical School, Sunway University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Shin-Yee","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Jeffrey Cheah Sunway Medical School, Sunway University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120415052010000_15.10.e104349.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naeem A , Abbas SH , Yousaf M , et al . Global impact and strategies to reduce the mortality from cardiovascular diseases. In: Integrated science for sustainable development goal 3: empowering global wellness initiatives. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2024: 283\u2013306.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64288-3_12"},{"key":"2025120415052010000_15.10.e104349.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goff DC , Lloyd-Jones DM , Bennett G , et al . 2013 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk. 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