{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:33:49Z","timestamp":1785346429422,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Recently, legal questions have increasingly arisen in intensive care medicine (ICM), especially when it comes to end-of-life decisions. Still, for Europe, there is not much evidence about doctors\u2019 situational legal knowledge and legal education during medical studies and further qualification. The present study was initiated to analyse these hitherto unexplored aspects in Germany.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n A quantitative online survey has been performed among German intensive care physicians. The voluntary participants of the anonymous online survey were asked to answer legal questions related to end-of-life policies, informed consent, surrogate decision making or advance directives. We tested pure factual knowledge in five questions. The other five questions tested situational knowledge using case vignettes. Every question could be answered with \u2018yes\u2019, \u2018no\u2019 or \u2018do not know\u2019. Furthermore, the participants were asked to assess their subjective certainty on a Likert scale and to provide information about their professional experience (PE) and qualification.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n All members of the two German professional societies for anaesthesiology who work in ICM were asked to take part in the survey.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 952 completed questionnaires were analysed. 86% of the participants were specialists, and 56% held the additional qualification in ICM. 78% had more than 10 years of general clinical experience, and 62% had more than 5 years of experience in ICM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n On average, the participants answered the five facts\u2013questions in 90.8% correctly. However, only 73.6% of the five case vignettes were answered correctly. Specialists, physicians with a lot of PE or physicians holding the additional qualification in ICM did not perform better than assistants or physicians with little PE.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n German intensive care physicians have relevant gaps regarding situational legal knowledge, which are independent of their PE or qualification and persist. This may be due to difficulties in interpretation and implementation of law. Since these knowledge gaps can lead to liability and criminal prosecution, these gaps should be closed through awareness-raising and continuous education.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T09:50:23Z","timestamp":1764928223000},"page":"e104548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Do professional experience and qualification influence knowledge about law concerning informed consent and end-of-life decisions? A quantitative online survey among German intensive care physicians"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9602-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Schumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Wachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of German, European and International Criminal Law, Medical Criminal Law and Corporate Criminal Law, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Eslauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rico","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Girrbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Mathematical Statistics and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel R\u00fcdiger","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703465796000_15.12.e104548.1","first-page":"653","article-title":"Hospitalization and Intensive Therapy at the End of Life. 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