{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1758054711772,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Scholars Training (CREST) Program Grant","award":["5R25MD017950-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R25MD017950-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. In the USA, individuals who racially identify as African American or Black experience disproportionately higher rates of TBI and sustain worse prognosis compared with White patients; however, this population continues to be under-represented in contemporary translational research agendas. This protocol aims to comprehensively evaluate and synthesise what is currently known about the molecular epidemiology of TBI outcome among individuals of Black racial identity or African ancestry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review will use the established scoping review framework from the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search strategy will be implemented in PubMed (MEDLINE) and expanded to Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL Library (Wiley) databases in the final review. The date range will span from database inception to 20 July 2025 (date of final search). A two-stage screening process will be performed first at the title and abstract level before full-text assessment. Screening will be performed by two independent reviewers and discrepancies will be reconciled by a third reviewer. Articles that meet the following inclusion criteria will be considered: we will include human studies that investigate molecular and biochemical markers associated with TBI outcome. Studies must include individuals who are (A) of Black or African American racial identity, (B) of African ancestry and\/or (C) performed in Sub-Saharan African countries. There is no eligibility criteria related to participant age, sex or gender. Eligible studies will be limited to English, Spanish or French. Data extracted from will be analysed and presented as written narrative, summary statistics of study characteristics and graphical or tabular displays.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ethical approval is not required for this scoping review. The results of this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and academic conferences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T05:25:37Z","timestamp":1757913937000},"page":"e105561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of traumatic brain injury outcome amongst individuals of Black racial identity or African ancestry: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8082-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz Hayduk","family":"Wroblewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgery Laboratory, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"},{"name":"MD-PhD Program, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erum","family":"Ajmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgery Laboratory, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claire","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim B","family":"Bigdeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"},{"name":"VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernest J","family":"Barth\u00e9lemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgery Laboratory, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, One Brooklyn Health, Brooklyn, New York, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Surgery, Neurology, and Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091422252117000_15.9.e105561.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16084","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.84","article-title":"Traumatic brain injuries","volume":"2","author":"Blennow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2025091422252117000_15.9.e105561.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1741033","article-title":"Race and ethnicity considerations in traumatic brain injury research: Incidence, reporting, and outcome","volume":"34","author":"Brenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2025091422252117000_15.9.e105561.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.03.062","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in traumatic brain injury care referral in a Hispanic-majority population","volume":"215","author":"Budnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2025091422252117000_15.9.e105561.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/S1069-6563(03)00491-3"},{"key":"2025091422252117000_15.9.e105561.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31803dcdf3"},{"key":"2025091422252117000_15.9.e105561.6","unstructured":"Traumatic brain injury: a roadmap for accelerating progress. 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