{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:29:38Z","timestamp":1793104178668,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health\/Fogarty International Health Centre","award":["1R21TW012728-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21TW012728-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n We aimed to refine and culturally adapt an evidence-based communication intervention (EBCI), which consists of the 3R message framing model (Reframe, Reprioritise, Reform) and human papillomavirus self-sampling (HPVSS) for use in a teaching hospital in Ghana, and evaluated its acceptability, feasibility, appropriateness and adoption potential among stakeholders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Convergent mixed-methods design.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n The study was conducted at a teaching hospital and its surrounding communities in the Central Region of Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n A 36-member stakeholder advisory board comprising women living with HIV (WLHIV) (n\u202f=\u202f14), healthcare providers (HCPs) (n\u202f=\u202f11) and community members (n\u202f=\u202f11) participated in Nominal Group Technique sessions to adapt the intervention. The adapted EBCI was subsequently evaluated by 45 participants (WLHIV=30\u2009and HCPs=15).<\/jats:p>\n Outcome measures included key characteristics of the EBCI, acceptability, feasibility, appropriateness and its potential for adoption, which were assessed using validated Likert-type scales and structured interview guides.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Core components of the intervention (HPVSS+3R) were retained. Hospitals and community pharmacies were the preferred self-sampling venues (97%). WhatsApp audio in English and Fante\/Akan was the most favoured delivery mode for 3R messages (81%). Evaluation results revealed high acceptability (mean=22.84), feasibility (mean=22.40) and adoption (mean=21.73) on a 5\u201325 point scale, as well as appropriateness (mean=13.3) on a 3\u201315 point scale. Qualitative findings highlighted convenience, privacy, empowerment and cultural relevance, which reduced fear and increased participant engagement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The adapted EBCI demonstrated high acceptability, feasibility, appropriateness and adoption potential among key stakeholders, supporting its integration into the Ghanaian health systems to advance cervical cancer elimination goals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n \n NCT06739772<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:01:06Z","timestamp":1767182466000},"page":"e105852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Culturally adapting and evaluating an evidence-based communication intervention with HPV self-sampling to improve cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV in Ghana: a mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06739772","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Asare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy Innocentia","family":"Ebu Enyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Nursing, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria Leighton","family":"Sencherey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Lamptey-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8293-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ken-Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick Kafui","family":"Akakpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney X","family":"Sturdivant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistical Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcas","family":"Obiri-Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01507-2","article-title":"Challenges and support systems of nurses caring for women with advanced cervical cancer in Accra, Ghana","volume":"23","author":"Oware","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03367-7","article-title":"Factors associated with cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive age in Ghana","volume":"24","author":"Saaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02867-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of a culturally tailored text messaging program for promoting cervical cancer screening in accra, Ghana: a quasi-experimental trial","volume":"24","author":"Addo-Lartey","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303535","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women living with HIV (WLWH) at a tertiary health facility in Accra, Ghana","volume":"19","author":"Agyare Gyane","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910358","article-title":"Entangled Connections: HIV and HPV Interplay in Cervical Cancer-A Comprehensive Review","volume":"25","author":"Pavone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svensgaard SNH , Tranberg M , Andersen B , et al . Improving cervical cancer screening participation by introducing hpv vaginal self-sampling to women living with hiv in denmark \u2013 a cross-sectional study. In Review [Preprint] 2024. doi:10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4977958\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4977958\/v1"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.02.012"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0831-9"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-02953-z","article-title":"HIV status and knowledge of cervical cancer among women in Ghana","volume":"24","author":"Enyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1673"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1207-3"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v56i3.1","article-title":"Cervical cancer prevention in Ghana","volume":"56","author":"Koram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.13","unstructured":"Organization, W.H . Cervical cancer fact sheet. 2023."},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2022.ed123","article-title":"A revolution in cervical cancer prevention in Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Effah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.15","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cervical human papillomavirus infection in accra, ghana","volume":"42","author":"Domfeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6320938","article-title":"Barriers to the Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment among Rural Women in Ghana","volume":"2019","author":"Binka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2021.1248","article-title":"Determining the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection using a novel cervical precancer screening approach in incarcerated women at the Nsawam Medium Security Prison, Ghana","volume":"15","author":"Acheampong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218762","article-title":"Characterization of Human Papillomavirus prevalence and risk factors to guide cervical cancer screening in the North Tongu District, Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Krings","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Options in human papillomavirus (HPV) detection for cervical cancer screening: comparison between full genotyping and a rapid qualitative HPV-DNA assay in Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Obiri-Yeboah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynaecol Oncol Res Pract"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0448-1","article-title":"Self-collected vaginal sampling for the detection of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) using careHPV among Ghanaian women","volume":"17","author":"Obiri-Yeboah","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1838240","article-title":"Female health-care providers\u2019 advocacy of self-sampling after participating in a workplace program for cervical cancer screening in Ghana: a mixed-methods study","volume":"13","author":"Behnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70570-9"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.01.023"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4823","article-title":"Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: updated meta-analyses","volume":"363","author":"Arbyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33967","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis of agreement\/concordance statistics in studies comparing self\u2010 vs clinician\u2010collected samples for HPV testing in cervical cancer screening","volume":"151","author":"Arbyn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intl J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017384","article-title":"Self-administered versus provider-directed sampling in the Anishinaabek Cervical Cancer Screening Study (ACCSS): a qualitative investigation with Canadian First Nations women","volume":"7","author":"Zehbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1804-x","article-title":"Women\u2019s experience with home-based self-sampling for human papillomavirus testing","volume":"15","author":"Sultana","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561202","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2020.561202","article-title":"Acceptability of Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Living With HIV and HIV-Negative Women in Limb\u00e9, Cameroon","volume":"2","author":"Pierz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11091323","article-title":"Intervention to Increase Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior among Medically Underserved Women: Effectiveness of 3R Communication Model","volume":"11","author":"Asare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2023.107993","article-title":"An intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV: A mixed methods study","volume":"118","author":"Asare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050890","article-title":"Assessing the Efficacy of the 3R (Reframe, Reprioritize, and Reform) Communication Model to Increase HPV Vaccinations Acceptance in Ghana: Community-Based Intervention","volume":"11","author":"Asare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-09262-2","article-title":"HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV in Ghana: protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Asare","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.33","unstructured":"Creswell JW , Clark VLP . Designing and conducting mixed methods research. 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2018."},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02362-8","article-title":"An example of the adaptation of the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to a virtual format (vNGT) within healthcare research","volume":"24","author":"Riley-Bennett","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2012.02017.x"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0635-3","article-title":"Psychometric assessment of three newly developed implementation outcome measures","volume":"12","author":"Weiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-248","article-title":"A systematic exploration of differences in contextual factors related to implementing the MOVE! weight management program in VA: a mixed methods study","volume":"11","author":"Damschroder","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.38","unstructured":"Creswell JW , Clark VLP . Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications, 2017."},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.39","unstructured":"Team, R.D.C . R: a language and environment for statistical computing. 2010."},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.40","unstructured":"Bogdan R , Biklen SK . Qualitative research for education. 368. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1997."},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PREV.0000013980.12412.cd"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-019-0898-y"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1679","article-title":"Adapting interventions to new contexts-the ADAPT guidance","volume":"374","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18549\/PharmPract.2020.4.2235","article-title":"Ensuring intervention success: Assessing fit as an overlooked step of the implementation process","volume":"18","author":"Blanchard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm Pract (Granada)"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0911835"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-21","article-title":"Information and shared decision-making are top patients\u2019 priorities","volume":"6","author":"Schattner","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5469","article-title":"Acceptability and Feasibility of Human Papilloma Virus Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening","volume":"25","author":"Ilangovan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003743","article-title":"HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening: a systematic review of values and preferences","volume":"6","author":"Nishimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000126","article-title":"Barriers and Facilitators of Pap Testing for Women Living With HIV: A Focus Group Study","volume":"31","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090817","article-title":"Understanding stigma as a barrier to cancer prevention and treatment: a qualitative study among people living with HIV in Uganda and Zambia","volume":"15","author":"Guy","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2019.1565903","article-title":"\u201cHIV is not an easily acceptable disease\u201d: the role of HIV-related stigma in obtaining cervical cancer screening in India","volume":"59","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7354-4","article-title":"Genital self-sampling for HPV-based cervical cancer screening: a qualitative study of preferences and barriers in rural Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Brandt","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35220","article-title":"Cervical cancer screening: Sharing best practices and addressing common challenges in cervical cancer screening programs","volume":"156","author":"Descamps","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S288376"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw182","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of an HPV self-collection campaign in Uganda: comparing models for delivery of cervical cancer screening in a low-income setting","volume":"32","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.56","first-page":"100160","article-title":"Cost of community-based human papillomavirus self-sampling in Peru: A micro-costing study","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health - Am"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29594"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105931","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus self-collection among cervical cancer screening non-attenders in El Salvador","volume":"131","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.858552","article-title":"Evaluation of Women\u2019s Empowerment in a Community-Based Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Social Entrepreneurship Program (Hope Project) in Peru: A Mixed-Method Study","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4404-z","article-title":"HPV Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening Among Ethnic Minority Women in South Florida: a Randomized Trial","volume":"33","author":"Carrasquillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.61","article-title":"Acceptability of human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling among never- and under-screened Indigenous and other minority women: a randomised three-arm community trial in Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"16","author":"Brewer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0306"},{"key":"2026010703492866000_15.12.e105852.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12963","article-title":"HPV self-sampling acceptability and preferences among women living with HIV in Botswana","volume":"147","author":"Kohler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105852","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:53:58Z","timestamp":1767786838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105852","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}