{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:11:10Z","timestamp":1790907070369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["210479\/Z\/18\/Z and 227167\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210479\/Z\/18\/Z and 227167\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH133488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH133488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited male engagement in HIV prevention and care is a global challenge more pronounced in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) contributing to ongoing transmission. However, peer network interventions show promise in improving engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To map and synthesise evidence on peer network interventions for HIV prevention and care among men in SSA, with a focus on the types of strategies used, populations reached and how these interventions address cultural, social and structural barriers across the HIV care cascade.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoping review of peer-reviewed literature, conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community and facility-based HIV prevention and care settings across multiple countries in SSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Populations included men having sex with men, men in key occupational groups (fishermen, truck drivers), adolescents and young people, and men living with HIV. Studies not conducted in SSA, not peer-reviewed or not focused on male peer networks were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peer network interventions included peer education, peer navigation, HIV self-testing (HIVST) distribution, adherence support groups, disclosure and stigma-reduction counselling, technology-enabled peer support (SMS and social media) and community-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery. Intervention duration and intensity varied across studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes included HIV testing uptake, linkage to care, ART initiation, adherence, retention in care and viral suppression. Secondary outcomes included stigma reduction, disclosure and engagement among hard-to-reach male populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a review of literature published between November 2013 and November 2024, searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Studies were included if they examined peer network approaches in HIV prevention and care among men in SSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 905 records were identified, of which 75 studies met the inclusion criteria. Peer network interventions were implemented across diverse SSA contexts and male populations. Strategies such as peer-led education, social diffusion models, HIVST distribution and technology-enabled peer support consistently improved HIV testing uptake, linkage to care, ART initiation and adherence. Contextually tailored interventions such as community-based outreach addressing occupational risk environments and economic vulnerabilities were particularly effective in engaging men traditionally underserved by facility-based services. However, challenges persisted, including variable linkage to care following HIVST and sensitivity to user costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peer-led interventions in HIV care for men in SSA effectively address cultural, social and structural barriers, improving testing, ART adherence and viral suppression. Tailored, technology-enhanced and community-based approaches ensure equitable HIV prevention and treatment outcomes, despite challenges like linkage to care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:55:40Z","timestamp":1773327340000},"page":"e106124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Peer network approaches for improving HIV testing, prevention and care utilisation among men in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06370923","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3337-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilfred Ouma","family":"Otambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Harling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Inghels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Institute for Rural and Coastal Health, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Dr","given":"Margot","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntombifuthi","family":"Blose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1129-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khai Hoan","family":"Tram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Tanser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"},{"name":"Lincoln Institute for Rural and Coastal Health, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062609361238000_16.3.e106124.1","unstructured":"The urgency of now: aids at a crossroads. 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