{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T07:53:54Z","timestamp":1764057234281,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008363","name":"The Danish Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R353-A20511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R353-A20511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become an important treatment option for selected cancer patients in recent years. In this overview of systematic reviews, we aim to present a comprehensive summary of the evidence on neurological immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients treated with ICIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overview will follow the preferred reporting items for overview of reviews statement. All systematic reviews reporting on neurological irAEs in adult patients treated with ICIs will be included. We will search PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane\u2019s Database of Systematic Reviews. Two authors will independently screen studies and extract data, with disagreements resolved by discussion or a third reviewer. Methodological quality will be assessed using AMSTAR-2. We will assess overlap by identifying shared primary studies and summarising their frequency in a table. Data will be presented narratively and in tables; when possible, frequencies of neurological irAEs and weighted means, along with associated distributions, will be reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As this study involves secondary analysis of published literature and does not include primary data collection, ethical approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD420251020892.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T07:50:51Z","timestamp":1764057051000},"page":"e106174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurological immune-related adverse events after ICI treatment: a protocol for an overview of systematic reviews"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2994-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Erritz\u00f8e-Jervild","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian Gunge","family":"Riberholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2212 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sten\u00f8r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inge Marie","family":"Svane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kruuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0981-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus Harboe","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2212 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neuroanesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01206-X"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-PATHOL-042020-042741"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200690"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32132"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m736","article-title":"Autoimmune complications of immunotherapy: pathophysiology and management","volume":"369","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25708"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102586"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.12.001"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0617-x","article-title":"Neurologic toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance study","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.11","first-page":"25","article-title":"Rare Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs): Approach to Diagnosis and Management","volume":"38","author":"Javaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceut Med"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1738382","article-title":"Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Haugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3923","article-title":"Fatal Toxic Effects Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.13375","article-title":"Neurological immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111777","article-title":"Neurological Immune Related Adverse Events Associated with Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, and Pembrolizumab Therapy-Review of the Literature and Future Outlook","volume":"8","author":"M\u00f6hn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011795","article-title":"Neurologic Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review","volume":"96","author":"Marini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070849","article-title":"Reporting guideline for overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions: development of the PRIOR statement","volume":"378","author":"Gates","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025112423503251000_15.11.e106174.20","unstructured":"Pollock M , ed. 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