{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:39:38Z","timestamp":1789778378922,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent among individuals with psychiatric conditions and significantly impair cognitive, emotional and behavioural functioning. Pharmacotherapy for sleep disturbances carries a risk of dependence and adverse effects, while behavioural therapies are often insufficient. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel interventions. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, have shown potential in modulating neural circuits involved in sleep regulation, yet their clinical utility remains uncertain. This protocol outlines a systematic review aiming to evaluate the efficacy, safety and optimal parameters of NIBS for treating sleep disturbances in psychiatric conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The review will adhere to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and is registered with PROSPERO. Two reviewers will independently perform a literature search, extract data and assess research quality. A comprehensive literature search will be conducted in four databases: PubMed\/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science. Eligible studies will comprise randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, open-label studies, observational designs, case reports and case series. Analysed outcomes will include subjective and objective sleep measures, daytime functioning, changes in psychiatric symptoms and adverse events. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, ROBINS-I and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Where possible, data will be synthesised through meta-analysis; otherwise, tabular summary and narrative synthesis will be provided. The certainty of evidence will be assessed using the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation framework.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No ethical approval is required as this study will involve analysis of already published data. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CRD420251053488.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1757570433000},"page":"e106438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non-invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of sleep disorders in psychiatric conditions\u2014systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Stefanowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Psychiatry, Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii w Warszawie, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3212-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Koceniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Antczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Rusin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091023001568000_15.9.e106438.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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