{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:51:57Z","timestamp":1777301517533,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012345","name":"Forces in Mind Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FiMT22\/0307KCMHR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FiMT22\/0307KCMHR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess physical and mental symptoms by ethnicity of a UK Armed Forces cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective, pooled cross-sectional analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-report questionnaire collected between 2004\u20132023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three samples of UK Armed Forces, including a Gurkha (n=254), Fijian (n=112) and a heterogeneous sample of British ethnic minority personnel (n=178) were compared with a sample of white British participants (n=254).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main exposure measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical and mental health symptoms were measured using individual items from the Patient Health Questionnaire, Post-traumatic Stress Checklist (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist\u2014Civilian Version) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) drawn from four phases of cohort data. Ethnic samples were matched by military role and veteran or active service status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on their first assessment, 60 white British participants (24.2%) met GHQ criteria for common mental disorder, significantly higher than found for the other three groups (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (3, n\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      782)\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      25.03, p&lt;0.001). Across all measures, Gurkha participants were the least symptomatic, though Gurkha and Fijian participants reported more symptoms of post-traumatic stress. British samples reported more somatic reports. Different patterns of post-traumatic and somatic symptoms may be explained by differential levels of traumatic exposures, recruitment profiles and culturally nuanced expressions of distress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patterns of mental and physical symptoms warrant further investigation to inform prevention, more precise diagnosis and tailored care and treatment for specific ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:05:15Z","timestamp":1777298715000},"page":"e106457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical and mental health of ethnic minority service personnel in the UK Armed Forces: a retrospective pooled cross-sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s Centre for Military Health Research, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamaldeep","family":"Bhui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, Nuffield Dept. of Primary Care Health Sciences, Wadham College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Oxford Health and East London NHS Foundation Trusts, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trudie","family":"Chalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5792-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola T","family":"Fear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Military Mental Health and King\u2019s Centre for Military Health Research, King\u2019s College London, London, England, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4610-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042707050564000_16.4.e106457.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2024.103957","article-title":"Mental health, ethnicity and the UK armed forces: Historical lessons for research and policy","volume":"93","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"2026042707050564000_16.4.e106457.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ware V . 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