{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:43:03Z","timestamp":1767796983298,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) associated with an underlying connective tissue disease (CTD), also known as a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease or SARD, are chronic conditions with a tendency to progress. CTD-ILDs are increasingly diagnosed and pose an important global health challenge. This systematic review aims to provide an overarching evaluation of their epidemiology and disease burden in Asia. In this review, the term CTD-ILD will be used to denote all major forms of ILD arising in the context of a SARD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review will adhere to the standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, including a flow diagram to depict the process by four independent reviewers that will assess titles and abstracts against the following predetermined criteria. A systematic review of the literature search published from 2000 to 2024 will be conducted using five electronic databases including PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Publications that meet the inclusion criteria of this review will be subjected to a full-text review to extract relevant data. Collated data will be analysed and organised into categories based on the expected outcome and objectives. The quality of published evidence, including heterogeneity across studies, will be checked against PRISMA checklists and assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval is not applicable for this study since no original data will be collected. The findings of this review will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication in a scientific journal and conference communications, with the aim of contributing insights to the field by identifying research gaps and informing clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The protocol of this systematic review is registered with the National Medical &amp; Research Register (ID-24\u201303600-GUB) and International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO (CRD420251037095).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T19:10:12Z","timestamp":1766344212000},"page":"e106467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology and disease burden of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Chua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivasangari","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Penang Hospital, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5463-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Hong","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Institute for Clinical Research, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirin Hui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hazel Ru Ann","family":"Yean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sze Shyang","family":"Kho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmine Sze Yin","family":"Yew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Besar Melaka, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hooi Chuen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Besar Melaka, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl Chun Man","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syazatul Syakirin","family":"Sirol Aflah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Perubatan Respiratori, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norshahiratul Atiqah","family":"Mohd Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Voon H","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gin Tsen","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swee Hung","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasnah","family":"Maamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sector for Evidence-based Healthcare, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nor Asiah","family":"Muhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sector for Evidence-based Healthcare, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMA.2024.3669"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0210-2022","article-title":"Prevalence, imaging patterns and risk factors of interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Joy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0077-2018","article-title":"The epidemiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung diseases at risk of a progressive-fibrosing phenotype","volume":"27","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2022.2107508","article-title":"Management of progressive pulmonary fibrosis associated with connective tissue disease","volume":"16","author":"Molina-Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng Q , Jiang D . Global trends of interstitial lung diseases from 1990 to 2019: an age\u2013period\u2013cohort study based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, and projections until 2030. Front Med 2023;10. doi:10.3389\/fmed.2023.1141372","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1141372"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216732"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00092-2022","article-title":"Assessing population interest in interstitial lung diseases in the USA using Google Trends","volume":"8","author":"Jeganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00630","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00630-2021","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of interstitial lung diseases in the USA","volume":"8","author":"Jeganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.10","unstructured":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions | Cochrane training. Available: https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook [Accessed 3 Sep 2024]."},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.11","unstructured":"Previous versions - JBI manual for evidence synthesis - JBI global wiki. Available: https:\/\/jbi-global-wiki.refined.site\/space\/MANUAL\/355863557\/Previous+versions?attachment=%2Fdownload%2Fattachments%2F355863557%2FJBI_Reviewers_Manual_2020June.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf&filename=JBI_Reviewers_Manual_2020June.pdf#page=360 [Accessed 3 Sep 2024]."},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0534-3","article-title":"Selecting and implementing overview methods: implications from five exemplar overviews","volume":"6","author":"Pollock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.14","unstructured":"Helmer D , Mlis B , Savoie I , et al . How do various fugitive literature searching methods impact the comprehensiveness of literature uncovered for systematic review? 4th International Conference on Grey Literature; British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment (BCOHTA), 1\u20137."},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272327","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung involvement: Protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"17","author":"Karassa","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107329"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000314"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1108\/PRR-12-2020-0040","article-title":"A systematic review of Asian community participation in biosphere reserves","volume":"7","author":"Jaafar","year":"2023","journal-title":"PRR"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01811-7","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the disease burden in patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101393","article-title":"Determinants of patient satisfaction in Asia: Evidence from systematic review of literature","volume":"23","author":"Akthar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.21","unstructured":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (current version) | Cochrane. Available: https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/authors\/handbooks-and-manuals\/handbook\/current [Accessed 4 Sep 2025]."},{"key":"2026010703480356000_15.12.e106467.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.13105\/wjma.v5.i4.80","article-title":"Assessing the quality of studies in meta-analyses: Advantages and limitations of the Newcastle Ottawa Scale","volume":"5","author":"Luchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"WJMA"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106467","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:50:57Z","timestamp":1767786657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106467"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106467","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}