{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:39:32Z","timestamp":1787017172391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronary revascularisation practices have evolved over the last three decades. This study sought to examine the variations in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) rates, alongside mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) across a group of 16 high-income countries between 2006 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational analysis using data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) database between 2006 and 2020. Estimated annual percent change in revascularisation was analysed using Joinpoint regression model, and mortality rates were evaluated using the locally weighted scatterplot smoothing model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publicly available data on PCI and CABG procedure rates alongside AMI mortality rate from 2006 to 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>16 countries from the OECD database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standardised PCI and CABG procedure rates and AMI age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) from 2006 to 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the 15\u2009year period, 14.0\u2009million PCI and 2.8\u2009million CABG procedures were collectively recorded across 16 countries. PCI rates varied among nations, but from 2006 to 2020 increased in 11 of the 16 nations overall, led by Finland (+36.0%), Ireland (+34.5%) and France (+31.5%). Meanwhile, CABG rates declined in 14 out of the 16 countries, with Luxembourg (\u221271.3%), the UK (\u221262.6%) and Finland (\u221260.6%) experiencing the most substantial decreases. Throughout the study period, the PCI-to-CABG ratio increased, while AMI ASMR decreased consistently across all countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite evidence supporting CABG over PCI in specific scenarios, CABG rates have declined, and PCI rates have increased. Possible factors for this trend may include patient preference and advancement in interventional techniques. The varied use of PCI among these nations, alongside a sustained decline in AMI mortality rates, may be expected given the importance of optimal medical therapy in the management of ischaemic heart disease. The results further suggest the significance of factors beyond revascularisation in driving improved outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:21:18Z","timestamp":1764786078000},"page":"e106838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting and mortality from acute myocardial infarction in EU15+ countries, 2006\u20132020: a secondary analysis of the OECD database"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6733-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Utkarsh","family":"Ojha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Ashford and St Peter\u2019s Hospitals NHS Trust, Chertsey, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic C","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hammond-Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D","family":"Salciccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Shalhoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Vascular Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703452826000_15.12.e106838.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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