{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T18:47:26Z","timestamp":1764355646981,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R25MD017950-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R25MD017950-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review will evaluate and synthesise what is known about the impact of structural and social determinants of health on neurodegeneration among adults of African American or Black (AAB) racial identity with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary objective is to examine how structural factors, such as healthcare access, influence disparities in neurodegeneration following TBI. Given higher rates of TBI and worse outcomes among Black individuals compared with White individuals, this review seeks to fill the gap in research concerning underrepresentation of AAB populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence framework, this review will systematically search PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL Library (Wiley) for relevant studies. Eligible studies will involve adult human participants diagnosed with neurodegenerative conditions, including dementia and cognitive impairment, and with a history of TBI. Studies must include participants of AAB and non-Hispanic White (NHW) racial identity to facilitate comparisons. The review will focus on identifying potential factors contributing to disparities in neurodegeneration. Data synthesis will include narrative summaries, comparative tables and visualisations to highlight racial disparities in neurodegeneration risk and AAB representation in TBI research. This approach is its structured framework will evaluate the depth of racial inclusion across studies, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of how structural and social determinants shape outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As this review involves only previously published literature, institutional review board approval will not be required. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and lay summaries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T18:40:41Z","timestamp":1764355241000},"page":"e106942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disparities in post-traumatic neurodegeneration among adults of African American or Black racial identity: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0214-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Global Neurosurgery Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8082-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz Hayduk","family":"Wroblewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Global Neurosurgery Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mommina","family":"Ashaque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgery Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claire","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgery Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"II","given":"Robert W","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Duke Aging Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim B","family":"Bigdeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral 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