{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T02:56:30Z","timestamp":1785207390714,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research Project on Inpatient Clinico-Occupational Database of Rosai Hospital Group","award":["2024\u20132025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\u20132025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the association between occupation and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) risk and whether patients with PD change occupation after onset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A matched case\u2013control study using secondary analysis of the Inpatient Clinico-Occupational Survey of the Rosai Hospital Group in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nationwide multicentre inpatient dataset in Japan from 2005 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PD group comprised 2205 inpatients diagnosed with PD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision code G20) and 10\u2009436 matched controls without PD, matched for age, sex, year of admission and hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations between the longest-held occupation\u2014classified by industry (blue-collar, service, white-collar) and occupational class (blue-collar workers, service workers, professionals, managers)\u2014and PD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Secondary outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupations and industries with increased PD risk; occupational changes before and after diagnosis among participants aged &lt;60 years; and associations of PD risk with chemical exposure, smoking status and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment for smoking and alcohol, professionals in the service (OR=2.01, 95%\u2009CI 1.24 to 3.25) and white-collar (OR=1.33, 95%\u2009CI 1.10 to 1.61) industries had higher PD risk than service workers. Doctors, dentists, veterinarians and pharmacists showed elevated risk. Among 160 PD patients, 47% were unemployed, 20% left voluntarily and 30% continued working after diagnosis. Chemical handling was not associated with PD risk after adjustment of multiple comparisons. Former or current smokers among blue-collar and service workers in blue-collar industry had a decreased risk of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Professionals in the service and white-collar industries, particularly those in healthcare occupations, had a higher risk of PD. Approximately 20% became unemployed after diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:05:23Z","timestamp":1766487923000},"page":"e107012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Occupational risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease and employment status following hospital admission: secondary analysis of ICOD-R case\u2013control data in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9639-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoko","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 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