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Patients with cancer had the highest travel distances (161 km\/patient\/year for men; 139 km\/patient\/year for women), followed by RA (approximately 78 km\/patient\/year). The matched control group travelled &lt;2 km\/patient\/year on average. Assuming 100% petrol car use, estimated condition-specific emissions ranged from 16.5 kg CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/patient\/year to 8.0 kg CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/patient\/year. Bus travel resulted in intermediate emissions, estimated between 10.5 and 8.0\u2009kg CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/patient. When travel was modelled using electric vehicles, emissions dropped between 3.5 and 2.7 kg for all conditions. Train travel produced similarly low emissions. Reducing petrol car travel from 100% to 60% lowered emissions up to 6.6 kg CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/patient.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Condition-specific estimates of healthcare-related travel emissions provide baseline understanding of the opportunities and challenges for decarbonising healthcare. Emission reduction is most achievable through modal shift, yet such shifts depend on factors beyond NHS control\u2014such as transport infrastructure, digital access and social equity. Multisectoral strategies, including targeted telemedicine and integrated transport and urban planning, are critical to achieving net-zero healthcare while maintaining equitable access to care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T11:45:48Z","timestamp":1762861548000},"page":"e107016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transition towards healthcare \u2018net zero\u2019: modelling condition-specific patient travel carbon emission estimations by transport mode in a retrospective population-based cohort study, Greater Glasgow, UK"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5356-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Quoc Bao","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3811-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"Lewsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Dundas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1658-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Friday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clea","family":"Du Toit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Health Validation Lab, Living Lab, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandosh","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120413264575000_15.11.e107016.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2351","article-title":"Climate change and human survival","volume":"348","author":"McCoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025120413264575000_15.11.e107016.2","unstructured":"United Nations . 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