{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:48:52Z","timestamp":1783640932580,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the epidemiological shifts of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is essential to inform public health interventions, particularly given its increased burden on healthcare systems post-COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine age-specific trends and seasonal variations in RSV incidence, considering the recent introduction of a newborn RSV immunisation programme in Ireland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A surveillance time series study analysing routinely collected RSV notification data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National-level weekly RSV notifications collected by the Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre in Ireland from 2012 to 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants (&lt;1 year), young children (1\u20134 years) and older adults (\u226565 years) with laboratory-confirmed RSV, from within the corresponding Irish population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Annual trends in RSV epidemiology with special reference to the pre- and post-COVID-19 winter surges, and the time lag in age-related transmission to peak incidence among the various age groups. Data were analysed to evaluate incidence rates, peak timing, age-related transmission trends and lag times before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study examined the increasing incidence of RSV post-COVID-19 and a significant shift toward earlier RSV peaks in recent years (2021\/2022, 2022\/2023 and 2023\/2024 seasons) in Ireland, with the onset and peak of the season nearly 2\u2009months earlier than in pre-COVID-19 pandemic seasons (p&lt;0.01). Cross-correlation factor analysis indicated a sequential spread of RSV infections, where a peak in older adults followed an initial rise in cases among infants and young children, within a 3- to 5-week period (maximum cross-correlation=0.86 at lag 4 weeks, p&lt;0.001). Post-pandemic, infants exhibited higher infection rates, with incident rates significantly higher in all seasons post-COVID-19 (p&lt;0.001) and peak intensities increasing by over 60% from 2021\/2022 to 2023\/2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis highlights an early seasonal onset and intensified RSV burden among infants in recent winters (2021\/2022, 2022\/2023 and 2023\/2024 seasons). Quantifying the time lag for the community-level RSV transmission from infants and young children to older adults will offer insights to optimise RSV intervention strategies as a \u2018life-course approach\u2019 to alleviate healthcare system pressures during peak seasons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:49:44Z","timestamp":1768319384000},"page":"e107050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) notifications and trends in the transmission cycles from infants and young children to older adults in Ireland: an analysis of incidence shifts over a decade"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6097-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy 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