{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:23:15Z","timestamp":1775661795238,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762646400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR150287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR150287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dementia is a chronic and progressive neurological condition characterised by cognitive and functional impairment. It is often associated with multimorbidity and imposes a significant economic burden on healthcare systems and families, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. In Peru, where dementia cases are increasing rapidly, timely detection and referral for diagnosis is crucial. This protocol is part of the IMPACT Salud project in Peru. Here, we focus on a specific component aimed at validating an mHealth tool for the detection of cognitive and functional impairment and assessing its cost-effectiveness. We will also assess changes in cognitive and functional impairment as well as health economic outcomes over 1 year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational study will be conducted in four geographically diverse regions of Peru. Community health workers are expected to contact approximately 32\u2009000 participants (\u226560 years) to apply an mHealth-enabled tool that includes cognitive and functional instruments: Ascertain Dementia 8, Peruvian version of Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire. From this large sample, we aim to find 3600 participants and their study partners to enrol and interview at baseline regarding sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, comorbidities and health economic data including resource use, costs and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Psychologists, blind to previous results, will assess dementia stage of the participants using an abbreviated Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. At 6-month follow-up, participants will complete a brief health economics questionnaire on resource use, costs and HR-QoL. To validate the accuracy of the detection tool, a subsample of 600 participants who completed the baseline will undergo a gold-standard clinical neuropsychological assessment. This subsample will participate in a 12-month follow-up, including health economics, cognitive and functional impairment tests and the CDR scale. Results will be analysed and presented by cognitive status, site, sex and multimorbidity profile. Finally, data from all stages and external sources will inform a decision model to implement a cost-effectiveness analysis of the detection tool at the national level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study received ethics approval in Peru (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia: CONSTANCIA-CIEI-378-33-23) and in the UK (Imperial College London: ICREC\/SETREC reference number 6647445). Informed consent will be obtained from participants and their study partners, considering the participant\u2019s capacity to consent. For illiterate participants, consent will be obtained through a witnessed procedure involving study partners, with a fingerprint obtained instead of a signature. The results will be disseminated through conferences, published articles, public presentations (particularly to those involved in dementia care) and presentations or meetings with local health authorities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T05:45:44Z","timestamp":1762753544000},"page":"e107142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validation and cost-effectiveness of an mHealth tool for cognitive impairment detection in Peru: protocol for the IMPACT Salud observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Kathia","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7364-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Anza-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Bernabe-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilton","family":"Custodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Diagn\u00f3stico de Deterioro Cognitivo y Prevenci\u00f3n de Demencia, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Diagn\u00f3stico de Deterioro Cognitivo y Prevenci\u00f3n de Demencia, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Jaime","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Sydney School of Public 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Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1998-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jemma","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Diez-Canseco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6136-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff 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