{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:04:18Z","timestamp":1788404658483,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K10840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K10840"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review addresses the underexplored issue of abuse of people with mental illnesses by healthcare professionals. We mapped the existing literature to establish the nature, prevalence, contributing factors and experiences of this abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources and study selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Ichushi-Web during the period from 3 July to 22 August 2024. Eligible studies reported abuse of people with mental illnesses by healthcare professionals, with no restrictions on year or language.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two reviewers independently extracted data from the selected articles. The data were synthesised to examine prevalence, associated factors and experiences of people with mental illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 5793 records, 61 met the inclusion criteria, with 32 from the USA and Japan (16 from each). Abuse types reported across 17 countries included physical, psychological, sexual and economic abuse, neglect and human rights violations. Histories of physical and sexual abuse were frequently reported as possible contributing factors to further abuse. Recommendations for prevention were identified at multiple levels, including individual care, organisational and institutional systems, and broader policy and society.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review mapped the literature on abuse by healthcare professionals in mental health services and identified critical research gaps, including a lack of methodologically robust studies. Further research is needed to build an evidence base for prevention strategies and to establish institutional safeguards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:40:35Z","timestamp":1767969635000},"page":"e107557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Abuse of people with mental illnesses perpetrated by healthcare professionals: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4505-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Matoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2975-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiki","family":"Teshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4274-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So","family":"Yayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Koto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan"},{"name":"The Japan Centre for Evidence Based Practice: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Miki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.09.028","article-title":"Newspaper reporting on schizophrenia: a content analysis of five national newspapers at two time points","volume":"98","author":"Clement","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00023-6","article-title":"Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings","volume":"1","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S68321","article-title":"Violent victimization of adult patients with severe mental illness: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Latalova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby020","article-title":"Prevalence Rate and Risk Factors of Victimization in Adult Patients With a Psychotic Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"de Vries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.563860","article-title":"Victimization of People With Severe Mental Illness Outside and Within the Mental Health Care System: Results on Prevalence and Risk Factors From a Multicenter Study","volume":"11","author":"Rossa-Roccor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.6","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Mental health, human rights and legislation: guidance and practice. 2023."},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2011.00918.x"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.96151","article-title":"Boundary crossings and violations in clinical settings","volume":"34","author":"Aravind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcac209","article-title":"Service users\u2019 experiences of social and psychological avoidable harm in mental health social care in England: Findings of a scoping review","volume":"53","author":"Carr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2019.1710005"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-022-00565-4","article-title":"Experiences and perceptions of coercive practices in mental health care among service users in Nigeria: a qualitative study","volume":"16","author":"Aluh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1541-1559.4.3.193","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perceptions of care and safety within psychiatric settings","volume":"4","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.790886","article-title":"Coercive Measures in Psychiatry: A Review of Ethical Arguments","volume":"12","author":"Chieze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12344","article-title":"Literature review of trauma-informed care: Implications for mental health nurses working in acute inpatient settings in Australia","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00491","article-title":"Effects of Seclusion and Restraint in Adult Psychiatry: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Chieze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12546"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.755","article-title":"A safe place? Service users\u2019 experiences of an acute mental health ward","volume":"14","author":"Wood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comm Appl Soc Psy"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/073993399245683"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.19","unstructured":"Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust . Safeguarding adults at risk policy. London: Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, 2025. Available: https:\/\/tavistockandportman.nhs.uk\/publications\/safeguarding-adults-at-risk\/"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris E , Lockwood C , Porritt K , et al . JBI manual for evidence synthesis. Joanna Briggs Institute, 2024.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters MDJ , Godfrey C , McInerney P , et al . Chapter 11: scoping reviews. In: Aromataris E , Munn Z , eds. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI, 2020.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-20-01"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12514","article-title":"\u201cHiding in plain sight\u201d: Exploring the complexity of sexual safety within an acute mental health setting","volume":"28","author":"McGarry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12300","article-title":"When the safe place does not protect: reports of victimisation and adverse experiences in psychiatric institutions","volume":"30","author":"Dos Santos Mesquita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.9.1123"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.27","first-page":"271","article-title":"The Current Status and Issues of Ethical Behavior and Abuse Towards Patients by Psychiatric Nurses in Japan","volume":"29","author":"Imaizumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn Bull Soc Psychiat"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764008098293"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020316","article-title":"Understanding adverse experiences in the psychiatric institution: The importance of child abuse histories in iatrogenic trauma","volume":"7","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23743735231179072","DOI":"10.1177\/23743735231179072","article-title":"Complaints, Restraint, and Seclusion in Massachusetts Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities, 2008-2018","volume":"10","author":"Shields","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.12809\/eaap1880","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Reports of Traumatic Experience and Posttraumatic Stress in Psychiatric Settings","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"East Asian Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024697715409"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-006-9031-x"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grubaugh AL , Cusack KJ , Yim E . Gender differences in relationship patterns between adverse psychiatric experiences, lifetime trauma, and ptsd. In: Trauma and serious mental illness. Routledge, 2018: 87\u201398.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203836286-6"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e781","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12806","article-title":"\u201cKeeping Control\u201d: A user-led exploratory study of mental health service user experiences of targeted violence and abuse in the context of adult safeguarding in England","volume":"27","author":"Carr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2003.12.002"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2024.104923","article-title":"Adverse mental health inpatient experiences: Qualitative systematic review of international literature","volume":"161","author":"Hallett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/01632787231164489","article-title":"Effect of Seclusion on Mental Health Status in Hospitalized Psychiatric Populations: A Trial Emulation using Observational Data","volume":"47","author":"Baggio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.39","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Mental health atlas 2020 country profile: Japan. World Health Organization; 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/mental-health-atlas-jpn-2020-country-profile"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.40","unstructured":"Japan Federation of Bar Associations . Statement calling for reviewing the bill for amendments to the act on mental health and welfare for the mentally disabled. Japan Federation of Bar Associations; 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.nichibenren.or.jp\/en\/document\/statements\/221109.html"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2025.100388","article-title":"Nursing managers\u2019 perspectives on factors contributing to abuse in psychiatric hospitals: A reflective thematic analysis","volume":"9","author":"Matoba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud Adv"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030230","article-title":"Patient safety in inpatient mental health settings: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Thibaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12701","article-title":"Using interventions to reduce seclusion and mechanical restraint use in adult psychiatric units: an integrative review","volume":"33","author":"V\u00e4kiparta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12716","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 and consumers\u2019 shared experiences of seclusion and restraint: A qualitative literature review","volume":"29","author":"Hawsawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12586","article-title":"Influence of nursing staff attitudes and characteristics on the use of coercive measures in acute mental health services-A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Doedens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733017751264","article-title":"Impact of moral sensitivity on moral distress among psychiatric nurses","volume":"26","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20210528-01","article-title":"Experiences of Violence Among Individuals With Schizophrenia in Indonesia: A Phenomenological Study","volume":"59","author":"Yosep","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/08943184221131969","article-title":"Patient Abuse in Healthcare: A Theoretical Synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Alzyoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Sci Q"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19985","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.19985","article-title":"Prevalence of interpersonal trauma exposure and trauma-related disorders in severe mental illness","volume":"4","author":"Mauritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12012"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05192-y","article-title":"Relationship between perceived coercion and perceived justification of coercive measures - secondary analysis of a randomized-controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Wullschleger","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.13002","article-title":"Factors influencing the recovery-oriented attitudes of nursing directors in psychiatric hospitals: A cross-sectional study in Japan","volume":"31","author":"Matsui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04303-5","article-title":"The processes involved in the establishment of user-provider partnerships in severe psychiatric illnesses: a scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Boerkoel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcaf094","article-title":"\u2018A broken system\u2019? Service user definitions of avoidable social and psychological harm in mental health social care and recommendations for its minimization in England","volume":"55","author":"Carr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.13109\/prkk.2017.66.7.526","article-title":"Zwangsma\u00dfnahmen in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in der Nachkriegszeit am Beispiel der Pflege- und Beobachtungsstation des Psychiatrischen Landeskrankenhauses Weissenau (1951-1966)","volume":"66","author":"Afschar-Hamdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.56","unstructured":"Anonymous . Inhuman abuses. Ment Health Today 2006;39."},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12537","article-title":"What are adult psychiatric inpatients\u2019 experience of seclusion: A systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"26","author":"Askew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12576","article-title":"Being in a Seclusion Room: The Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients\u2019 Perspective","volume":"27","author":"Askew","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211025708","article-title":"Sexual violence within mental health units: The forgotten fight?","volume":"56","author":"Belet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13025","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of mental health service user and carer perspectives on safety issues in UK mental health services","volume":"23","author":"Berzins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.02.006","article-title":"Sexual assault in the inpatient psychiatric setting","volume":"82","author":"Betterly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-022-01027-4","article-title":"When Trauma Survivors with Psychosis Accuse Staff of Sexual Assault in Inpatient Psychiatric Care","volume":"59","author":"Carr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01102393"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12097"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20130503-01"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexual safety on mental health wards","volume":"22","author":"Frankova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nursing and Residential Care"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.67","first-page":"82","article-title":"[Learning from Legal Cases: Skills, Ethics, and Professionalism in Psychiatric Nursing\u2014 A Patient Death Caused by Violence and the Duty of Nighttime Nursing Observation]","volume":"31","author":"Fujino","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.68","first-page":"223","article-title":"[The Reality and Structure of Staff-Perpetrated Violence Against Patients in Psychiatric Wards]","volume":"56","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.69","first-page":"62","article-title":"[Psychological Violence by Staff in Psychiatric Wards: Examining How Professionalism Can Be Used to Justify Abuse]","volume":"58","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.70","first-page":"37","article-title":"[Efforts to Improve the Use of Patient Honorifics: Standardizing the Use of \u201cSan\u201d Instead of \u201cChan\u201d or \u201cKun\u201d]","volume":"37","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Matsumura General Hospital"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.71","first-page":"32","article-title":"[Approaches to human rights considerations in the treatment of psychiatric hospital inpatients: The results of approaches to cultivating ethical awareness and approaches to nipping the small buds of abuse in the bud, and future nursing education]","volume":"41","author":"Ikeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Japanese Association of Psychiatric Hospitals"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.72","unstructured":"Imaizumi G , Katsuki F . [Factors influencing ethical behavior and abusive practices among psychiatric nurses]. Proceedings of the Japan Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing; 2019:121."},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7748\/mhp.2020.e1446","article-title":"Reporting and recording sexual safety incidents in inpatient mental health settings","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mental Health Practice"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.74","first-page":"41","article-title":"Trauma-Informed Care: A New Perspective for Reaching the Heart (Part 2) \u2014 Guidance and Literature Review","volume":"44","author":"Kawano","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.75","first-page":"4","article-title":"Let\u2019s Talk About Seclusion and Restraint. What We Need to Discuss Now About Seclusion and Restraint \u2014 A Dialogue in Light of the Supreme Court Ruling","volume":"49","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.76","first-page":"79","article-title":"Mental Health and Welfare Law Amendment 2022: Abuse in mental health institutions","volume":"9","author":"Kitaoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Fifth"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.77","first-page":"25","article-title":"Masatake Morita\u2019s Perspective on Psychiatric Nursing: How Have Nurses Interacted with Individuals with Mental Illness? The Evolution of Patient Management in Psychiatric Nursing \u2014 From Control by Others to Self-Management","volume":"18","author":"Kusaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of History of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09074-7","article-title":"Incidents related to safety in mental health facilities in Kenya","volume":"23","author":"Kwobah","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7417\/CT.2019.2110"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01596.x"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096973300100800104"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.82","first-page":"116","article-title":"Literature Review on Ethical Issues as Perceived by Psychiatric Nurses","volume":"14","author":"Motoya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Journal of Nursing Research"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntsaba GM , Havenga Y . Psychiatric in-patients\u2019 experience of being secluded in a specific hospital in Lesotho. Health SA Gesondheid 2007;12. doi:10.4102\/hsag.v12i4.267","DOI":"10.4102\/hsag.v12i4.267"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.84","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara M . Fighting for their rights. Ment Health Today 2012;8\u20139."},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.85","first-page":"334","article-title":"Narratives of Staff Members Who Worked at a Psychiatric Hospital Where Patient Abuse Occurred","volume":"49","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.86","first-page":"811","article-title":"Nurse-to-patient Violence and Abuse in Psychiatry: A Scoping Review","volume":"42","author":"Oikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2850.2001.00404.x"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.88","first-page":"53","article-title":"Sexual Abuse happens in healthcare facilities-what can be done to prevent it?","volume":"36","author":"Ramsey-Klawsnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.9.1134"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12015","article-title":"\u201cI sang Amazing Grace for about 3 hours that day\u201d: understanding Indigenous Australians\u2019 experience of seclusion","volume":"22","author":"Sambrano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.91","first-page":"14","article-title":"The Treatment of Individuals with Mental Illness and the Role of Nursing in the History of Madness and Psychiatry","volume":"24","author":"Sasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integrated Studies in Nursing Science"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.92","first-page":"868","article-title":"Yamatogawa scandal denounces psychiatric treatment system of Japan","volume":"105","author":"Satomi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.0718","article-title":"Patient Safety In Inpatient Psychiatry: A Remaining Frontier For Health Policy","volume":"37","author":"Shields","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-015-2262-y","article-title":"Violence by and against people with mental illnesses","volume":"59","author":"Steinert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12493","article-title":"Patient safety and staff competence in managing challenging behavior based on feedback from former psychiatric patients","volume":"56","author":"T\u00f6lli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"key":"2026010906402613000_16.1.e107557.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12799","article-title":"Safety hazards in patient seclusion events in psychiatric care: A video observation study","volume":"29","author":"Varpula","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107557","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:40:46Z","timestamp":1767969646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107557","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}