{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:45:30Z","timestamp":1767797130242,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Special Fund for Traditional Chinese Medicine Development","award":["T000011947436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T000011947436"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension (HTN) and hyperuricaemia (HUA) are chronic metabolic disorders that frequently coexist. Research indicates that HUA prevalence among adolescents and children in mainland China is significantly higher than the global average, with a continuing upward trend. When these conditions occur concomitantly, their detrimental effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems far exceed those of either condition alone. The comorbidity of HUA and HTN markedly elevates the risk of adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, including stroke, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In adolescent populations, this comorbidity may also induce subclinical damage such as microangiopathy, premature arteriosclerosis and declined glomerular filtration function, thereby increasing the likelihood of chronic cardiorenal diseases in adulthood. Current research on HUA+HTN comorbidity among Chinese children and adolescents is predominantly limited by regional constraints, small sample sizes or inconsistent diagnostic criteria. This hinders the development of precise prevention strategies and delays timely interventions. Thus, a systematic evaluation of the risk factors for HUA+HTN comorbidity in this population is urgently needed. Such evaluation would provide evidence-based data to facilitate early detection of high-risk individuals and guide tailored preventive interventions. It would also lay the groundwork for reducing the future burden of chronic conditions such as stroke and heart failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, VIP, Wanfang) will be systematically searched up to 1 June 2025, with no language restrictions applied. This will identify observational studies (cohort, case-control and cross-sectional designs) investigating risk factors for HTN and HUA in Chinese children and adolescents. In addition, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that report baseline or preintervention data relevant to HTN+HUA comorbidity risk factors will also be considered for inclusion, where such data can provide supplementary evidence on associations between exposures and outcomes. Methodological quality will be evaluated via tools appropriate for each study design (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist for cross-sectional studies; Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control and cohort studies). The risk of bias in RCTs will be evaluated using the RoB 2. All analyses will be conducted per the Cochrane Handbook recommendations for observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review protocol will systematically evaluate the risk factors for HUA+HTN comorbidity in Chinese children and adolescents. We will analyse secondary data, and this does not require ethics approval. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, at relevant conferences and will be shared in plain language in social media. Moreover, the findings of this review could guide the direction of healthcare practice and research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42024613929.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T16:10:25Z","timestamp":1767111025000},"page":"e107831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors for hyperuricaemia\u2013hypertension comorbidity in Chinese children and adolescents: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2115-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wengang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zigong Third People\u2019s Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong-Cong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Sub-health Clinical Detection and Evaluation Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.70378","article-title":"Clinical Practice Consensus Statement 2025: Management of Hyperuricemia and Gout in Adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q , Wang Z , Zhang S , et al . The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. J Health Sci Med Res 2025;20251253. doi:10.31584\/jhsmr.20251253","DOI":"10.31584\/jhsmr.20251253"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002977","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension and hypertension phenotypes after three visits in Chinese urban children","volume":"40","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17300","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension in Adolescents Aged 12 to 17 Years: A School-Based Study in China","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.5","unstructured":"Zou HJ . China multi-disciplinary expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of hyperuricemia and related diseases (2023 edition). Chinese J Pract Int Med 2023;43. doi:10.19538\/j.nk2023060106"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000443769"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac328","article-title":"Hypertension in children and adolescents: a consensus document","volume":"43","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEvoy JW , McCarthy CP , Bruno RM , et al . 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Eur Heart J 2024;45. doi:10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26599\/1671-5411.2025.01.008","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension (2024 revision)","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/IBPC.S184685","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and Hypertension: Links and Risks","volume":"12","author":"Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr Blood Press Control"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901249106"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02547-0","article-title":"Association between the combination of the triglyceride-glucose index and obesity-related indices with hyperuricemia among children and adolescents in China","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2026010703485880000_15.12.e107831.13","unstructured":"Zhao X , Et A . 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