{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:04:36Z","timestamp":1784948676704,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006660","name":"United Nations Fund for Population Activities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GPS ID 213457 and Quantum Plus ID WP-1577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPS ID 213457 and Quantum Plus ID WP-1577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As a framework to conceptualise well-being, the capability approach (CA) combines structural drivers with personal freedoms, making it a compelling approach for understanding women\u2019s health and well-being (WHW). The WHW Project of the Exemplars in Global Health initiative chose the CA for its conceptual framing, while emphasising the influential role of gender and other intersecting inequalities (intersectional gender inequality) in shaping health and well-being over the life course. We discuss the Exemplars in Global Health \u2013 Women\u2019s Health and Well-being (EGH-WHW) Framework and a scoping review that supports it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"order\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>To identify well-established and\/or validated CA-based frameworks and measures attuned to intersectional gender inequality that analyse women\u2019s well-being over the life course and across multiple geographies.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>If needed, to develop a new conceptual framework to analyse WHW over the life course through an intersectional gender inequality lens.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The scoping review, which was carried out between January and May 2024 and re-run in May 2025, adhered to the methodology by Arksey and O\u2019Malley, Levac\n                      <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Daudt\n                      <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. The EGH-WHW Framework was developed by a multidisciplinary Working Group comprising representatives of organisations in the WHW Project consortium.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review drew upon database searches (Scopus, PubMed) and targeted online hand searches for CA-based frameworks and measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All CA-based frameworks and measures of multidimensional well-being were included. CA-based empirical research was considered if it applied a framework or measure; or if it analysed multidimensional well-being across multiple geographies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information about each type of CA-based application\u2014its choice of well-being dimensions, methods, focus on inequality, intersectionality and the life course\u2014was recorded in a data charting form. Thematic summative syntheses of publications about each CA-based framework or measure led up to an overall evaluative synthesis of the fit between existing work and our requirements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review culminated in 94 publications, including six frameworks and 14 measures that met only some of the WHW Project\u2019s requirements: multidimensionality of well-being; attention to intersectional gender inequality and the life course; as well as demonstrated and intended measurements across multiple geographies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review reaffirms the need for the EGH-WHW Framework, which recognises that WHW depend on their freedom \u2018to be\u2019 and \u2018to do\u2019, and proposes three interconnected clusters of dimensions depicting key capabilities, agency and functionings that are sensitive to intersectional gender inequality and the life course. Each dimension is mapped to specific indicators to support comparative assessments of country performance and drivers of progress across low-income and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The EGH-WHW Framework distinguishes itself from other CA-based frameworks by incorporating both an intersectional gender lens and a life course perspective. The framework\u2019s conceptualisation of multidimensional well-being allows for a rich and nuanced foundation on which to build policies and programmes that address the complex determinants of health, well-being and human rights of different groups of girls and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:55:29Z","timestamp":1771253729000},"page":"e107988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Women\u2019s health and well-being over the life course: conceptual framing supported by a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2177-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditi","family":"Iyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramalingaswami Centre on Equity & Social Determinants of Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramalingaswami Centre on Equity & Social Determinants of Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreelata","family":"Rao Seshadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramalingaswami Centre on Equity & Social Determinants of Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Population Fund, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anushka","family":"Ataullahjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Population Fund, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen Kidwell","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyla","family":"Sharafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Population Fund, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Geneva: World Health Organization; Basic Documents: Forty-ninth edition (including amendments adopted up to 31 May 2019), 2020. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/bd\/pdf_files\/BD_49th-en.pdf"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60234-8"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.3","unstructured":"Bentham J . An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London: Payne, republished Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.4","unstructured":"Kant I . Critique of Practical Reason. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.5","unstructured":"Hayek F . The Road to Serfdom. London: Routledge, 1944."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.6","unstructured":"Anarchy NR . Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawls J . A Theory of Justice.1971. Available: https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.4159\/9780674042605\/html","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.8","unstructured":"Nussbaum MC . Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. 1st edn. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, 2000. Available: https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/9780511841286\/type\/book"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713678045"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1354570022000077926"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14649880500120509"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.12","unstructured":"Nussbaum MC . Creating capabilities . 31 December 2011. Available: https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.4159\/harvard.9780674061200\/html"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.13","unstructured":"Sen A . Equality of What? [Internet]. The Tanner Lecture on Human Values. Stanford University, 1979. Available: https:\/\/www.ophi.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sen-1979_Equality-of-What.pdf [accessed 11 Apr 2022]."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.14","unstructured":"Sen AK . Inequality Reexamined. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.15","unstructured":"Sen A . Development as Freedom. OUP Oxford, 2001:394."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen AK . The Idea of Justice. London: Allen Lane, 2009.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674054578"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ura K , Alkire S , Zangmo T , et al . A Short Guide to Gross National Happiness Index. Thimpu: The Centre for Bhutan Studies, 2012.","DOI":"10.35648\/20.500.12413\/11781\/ii025"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702996114"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.023"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1354570022000078024"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-48","article-title":"Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team\u2019s experience with Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s framework","volume":"13","author":"Daudt","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.24","unstructured":"Boarini R , Kolev A , McGregor A . Measuring well-being and progress in countries at different stages of development: towards a more universal conceptual framework. Paris: OECD Development Centre; 2014."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD . Paris: OECD Publishing; How\u2019s Life?: Measuring Well-being, 2011. Available: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264121164-en","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264121164-en"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD . Paris: OECD Publishing; How\u2019s Life? 2024: Well-being and Resilience in Times of Crisis, 2024. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/90ba854a-en","DOI":"10.1787\/90ba854a-en"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.27","unstructured":"GAGE Consortium . Gender and adolescence: why understanding adolescent capabilities, change strategies and contexts matters. London: Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence; 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.gage.odi.org\/publication\/gage-conceptual-framework-second-edition\/"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.06.042"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10888-011-9181-4","article-title":"Understandings and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement","volume":"9","author":"Alkire","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Econ Inequal"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.01.026"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.32","unstructured":"Alkire S , Ul Haq R . Analyzing individual disadvantages alongside household poverty to illuminate gendered and intrahousehold disparities (oxford poverty & human development initiative (ophi)). report no.: ophi working paper 146. Oxford: University of Oxford; 2025. Available: https:\/\/ophi.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-03\/Alkire_and_Ul_Haq_2023_Analysing_%28RP65a%29_0.pdf [accessed 23 May 2025]"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9927-2"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216313489368"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216316650616","article-title":"Development of a measure (ICECAP-Close Person Measure) through qualitative methods to capture the benefits of end-of-life care to those close to the dying for use in economic evaluation","volume":"31","author":"Canaway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117311","article-title":"The development of a capability wellbeing measure in economic evaluation for children and young people aged 11-15","volume":"360","author":"Husbands","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta16150"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.08.002","article-title":"Operationalising the capability approach as an outcome measure in public health: The development of the OCAP-18","volume":"142","author":"Lorgelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.09.019"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/194277861901200102","article-title":"Towards a gender sensitive vulnerability assessment for climate change: Lambani, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Goldin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Geography"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1399-x","article-title":"Combining Capabilities and Fundamental Human Needs: A Case Study with Vulnerable Teenagers in France","volume":"133","author":"Pelenc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00275-5","article-title":"Capability Sensitive Design for Health and Wellbeing Technologies","volume":"26","author":"Jacobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/14649880802675366","article-title":"The Development of Capability Indicators","volume":"10","author":"Anand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Human Dev Capabil"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12866-x","article-title":"The development and validation of the \u201cGood Life in the Community Scale\u201d (GLiCS): a validation study with women migrants living in high income countries","volume":"22","author":"Van der Boor","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-016-9415-x","article-title":"From Relevant Capabilities to Relevant Indicators: Defining an Indicator System for Children\u2019s Well-Being in Spain","volume":"11","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Serrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Ind Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.46","unstructured":"UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) . Global multidimensional poverty index 2023: unstacking global poverty: data for high impact action. New York: United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, 2023. Available: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/hdp-document\/2023mpireporten.pdf"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-022-10064-w","article-title":"Developing a Comprehensive Multidimensional Wellbeing Index Based on What People Value: An Application to a Middle-Income Country","volume":"17","author":"Clausen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Res Qual Life"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-019-09781-6","article-title":"Before Entering Adulthood: Developing an Index of Capabilities for Young Adults in Bogota","volume":"16","author":"Bucheli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Research Quality Life"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/19452829.2017.1422704","article-title":"Development, Validity, and Reliability of the Women\u2019s Capabilities Index","volume":"19","author":"Greco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Human Dev Capabil"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2013.844846"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100480","article-title":"Do restrictive gender attitudes and norms influence physical and mental health during very young Adolescence? Evidence from Bangladesh and Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Baird","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1057\/s41287-021-00438-5","article-title":"\u2018If She\u2019s Pregnant, then that Means that Her Dreams Fade Away\u2019: Exploring Experiences of Adolescent Pregnancy and Motherhood in Rwanda","volume":"33","author":"Coast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5890.2013.12011.x","article-title":"Gender, Time Use, and Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Well\u2010Being: Implications for Public Policies*","volume":"34","author":"G\u00e1lvez\u2010Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fisc Stud"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.54","article-title":"Youth wellbeing through the lens of the Senian capability approach: insights from the occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional study","volume":"391 Suppl 2","author":"Abu-Zaineh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/02185385.2017.1342099","article-title":"The capability approach to the wellbeing of poor adolescents: a Taiwanese case study","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-018-9575-y","article-title":"Multidimensional Poverty Assessment among Adolescent Children in the Mouhoun Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa","volume":"12","author":"Fonta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Ind Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-013-0253-7","article-title":"The Multidimensionality of Child Poverty: Evidence from Afghanistan","volume":"112","author":"Trani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-019-09709-4","article-title":"The Capability Approach to Adolescent Poverty in China: the Profile, Decomposition and Predictors of Deprivation","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Ind Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.02.033","article-title":"Mobility Is a Key Predictor of Change in Well-Being Among Older Adults Who Experience Falls: Evidence From the Vancouver Falls Prevention Clinic Cohort","volume":"96","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-1225-y","article-title":"The validity and responsiveness of the ICECAP-A capability-well-being measure in women with irritative lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Goranitis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2020.1743241","article-title":"The Agency and Well-being of Taiwan\u2019s Middle-school Adolescents with Disabilities: A Capability Approach Study","volume":"69","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intl J Disabil Dev Educ"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/19452829.2024.2426979","article-title":"Capability Approach Lens to Public-space Sexual Harassment of Women: Evidence from India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"Berik","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Human Dev Capabil"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.12.001","article-title":"Intersecting Disadvantages for Married Adolescents: Life After Marriage Pre- and Post-COVID-19 in Contexts of Displacement","volume":"70","author":"Baird","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2008.11.002","article-title":"As bad as it gets: Well-being deprivation of sexually exploited trafficked women","volume":"25","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Polit Econ"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.18488\/journal.aefr.2018.85.618.640","article-title":"Comparative Capability of Migrant and Non-Migrant Households: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Economic and Financial Review"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2025.100527","article-title":"\u201cButterflies in a jar\u201d: How girls and young women conceptualise wellbeing in conflict-affected Myanmar","volume":"7","author":"Pearson","year":"2025","journal-title":"SSM - Qualitative Research in Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114641","article-title":"The \u2018good life\u2019, personal appearance, and mental health of Congolese refugees in Rwanda and Uganda","volume":"293","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-015-0937-2","article-title":"Gender and Multidimensional Poverty in South Africa: Applying the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)","volume":"126","author":"Rogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2020.1743994","article-title":"Reproductive health care status of the displaced tribal women in India: An analysis using Nussbaum Central human capabilities","volume":"42","author":"Sahoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1057\/s41287-021-00450-9","article-title":"\u2018I Dream of Going Home\u2019: Gendered Experiences of Adolescent Syrian Refugees in Jordan\u2019s Azraq Camp","volume":"33","author":"Sajdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000536131","article-title":"Perceived Health Status and Capability after Hip Fracture: Secondary Outcomes from an Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"70","author":"Ashe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.06.011","article-title":"Development of Population Tariffs for the ICECAP-A Instrument for Hungary and their Comparison With the UK Tariffs","volume":"24","author":"Farkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/09540962.2021.1965402","article-title":"Wellbeing gender budgeting to localize the UN SDGs: examples from Turkey","volume":"41","author":"Gunluk-Senesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Money & Management"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.74","unstructured":"Assaduzzaman M , Filatova T , Lovett JC , et al . Gender-Ethnicity Intersectionality in Climate Change Adaptation in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh, 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149300824&doi=10.3390%2fsu15043744&partnerID=40&md5=af7135b9565bb0c80c1aaa290c31ff45"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-021-01581-3","article-title":"Understanding feedback relationships between resources, functionings and well-being: A case study of seaweed farming and artisanal processing in Indonesia","volume":"51","author":"Larson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-025-03519-8","article-title":"Investigating the Capability Approach: How Long-Term Unemployed People in Finland Perceive Their Access to Commodities, Conversion Factors and Capabilities","volume":"177","author":"Ahonen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13122","article-title":"Maternal caregiving capabilities are associated with child linear growth in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"17","author":"Tome","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1986-0","article-title":"Societal Gender Inequality as Moderator of the Relationship Between Work\u2013Life Fit and Subjective Well-Being: A Multilevel Analysis Across European Countries","volume":"143","author":"Riva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.01.042","article-title":"What is a good life? Selecting capabilities to assess women\u2019s quality of life in rural Malawi","volume":"130","author":"Greco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-005-6518-z"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1502-3","article-title":"Setting the Weights: The Women\u2019s Capabilities Index for Malawi","volume":"135","author":"Greco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2012","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00364-4","article-title":"Understanding progress and challenges in women\u2019s health and wellbeing in exemplar countries: a time-series study identifying positive outliers","volume":"12","author":"Martopullo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)30652-x"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.84","unstructured":"Sen G , Ostlin P . Gender as a social determinant of health: evidence, policies and innovations. In: Sen G , Ostlin P , eds. Gender equity in health: the shifting frontiers of evidence and action. New York: Routledge, 2010."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.85","unstructured":"Batliwala S . All about Power: Understanding Social Power and Power Structures. New Delhi: CREA; undated. (CREA\u2019s Feminist Leadership for Social Transformation series): CREA,"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.86","unstructured":"Sen G , Ostlin P . Gender based inequities in global public health. In: Parker R , Sommer M , eds. Routledge Handbook on Global Public Health. Routledge, 2011."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.88","unstructured":"Hill Collins P , Bigle S . Intersectionality. Cambridge (UK) Malden (USA): Polity Press, 2016."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.89","unstructured":"Rao A , ed. Gender & Caste. New Delhi: Kali for Women; 2003. (Issues in Contemporary Indian Feminism). 2003."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.90","unstructured":"Hankivsky O . Intersectionality. 101 Vancouver The Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy: Simon Fraser University, 2014."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.05.035","article-title":"Who gains, who loses and how: Leveraging gender and class intersections to secure health entitlements","volume":"74","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.92","first-page":"390","article-title":"Toxic Stress: Effects, Prevention and Treatment","volume":"1","author":"Franke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3048","article-title":"Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life","volume":"371","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.94","unstructured":"Bhutta Z , Bhavnani S , Betancourt T , et al . Adverse childhood events and the life course: current concepts and opportunities for action. Nat Med 2023."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2014.1.9","article-title":"A Life Course Model of Self-Reported Violence Exposure and Ill-health with A Public Health Problem Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Olofsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.96","unstructured":"UNICEF . Gender Dimensions of Violence against Children and Adolescents. New York: UNICEF Child Protection Program Division, 2020."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2023.44.105.35733","article-title":"Characteristics of obstetric urogenital fistulas in a regional teaching hospital in Burkina Faso: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"44","author":"Traore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40695-022-00084-9","article-title":"Hysterectomy and women\u2019s health in India: evidence from a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of older women","volume":"9","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"womens midlife health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.024562"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.9043"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.101","first-page":"207","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.102","unstructured":"UNFPA, UNICEF, UN Women, et al . Maternal health of women and girls of african descent in the americas: analysis [internet]. New York: United Nations Population Fund; 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/UNFPA_MM_Analysis-July2023.pdf [Accessed 15 Aug 2023]."},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-010-9078-0"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686262","article-title":"Amartya Sen\u2019s contribution to development thinking","volume":"37","author":"Stewart","year":"2002","journal-title":"St Comp Int Dev"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen G . Informal institutions and gender equality. In: Jutting J , Drechsler D , Bartsch S , et al ., eds. Informal institutions: How social norms help or hinder development [Internet]. Paris: Development Centre Studies, 2007. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264039070-en","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264039070-en"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6985","article-title":"Structural determinants of gender inequality: why they matter for adolescent girls\u2019 sexual and reproductive health","volume":"Available from","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609406920958895","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920958895","article-title":"Challenging Power Dynamics and Eliciting Marginalized Adolescent Voices Through Qualitative Methods","volume":"19","author":"Pincock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1057\/s41287-021-00436-7","article-title":"No One Left Behind: Using Mixed-Methods Research to Identify and Learn from Socially Marginalised Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"33","author":"Baird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1057\/s41287-021-00440-x","article-title":"Intersectionality as a Framework for Understanding Adolescent Vulnerabilities in Low and Middle Income Countries: Expanding Our Commitment to Leave No One Behind","volume":"33","author":"Baird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068955","article-title":"Opportunities to advance measurement of adolescent wellbeing: building on a new conceptual framework","volume":"379","author":"Newby","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.08.029","article-title":"Developing a Global Approach for Measurement of Adolescent Well-Being","volume":"73","author":"Guthold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0293-5"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.035","article-title":"Can capabilities be self-reported? A think aloud study","volume":"87","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085287","article-title":"A qualitative assessment of the content validity of the ICECAP-A and EQ-5D-5L and their appropriateness for use in health research","volume":"8","author":"Keeley","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-016-0430-x","article-title":"An analysis of the complementarity of ICECAP-A and EQ-5D-3 L in an adult population of patients with knee pain","volume":"14","author":"Keeley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.05.015"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-008-9372-z"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-12-65","article-title":"Exploration of the association between quality of life, assessed by the EQ-5D and ICECAP-O, and falls risk, cognitive function and daily function, in older adults with mobility impairments","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0225-4","article-title":"A comparison of the ICECAP-O with EQ-5D in a falls prevention clinical setting: are they complements or substitutes?","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-57","article-title":"A validation of the ICECAP-O in a population of post-hospitalized older people in the Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"Makai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-013-0039-8","article-title":"A Comparison of the EQ-5D-3L and ICECAP-O in an Older Post-Acute Patient Population Relative to the General Population","volume":"11","author":"Couzner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-013-9264-4","article-title":"Evaluating the Face Validity of the ICECAP-O Capabilities Measure: A \u201cThink Aloud\u201d Study with Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Patients","volume":"9","author":"Horwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Research Quality Life"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0825-3","article-title":"Psychometric validation of a multi-dimensional capability instrument for outcome measurement in mental health research (OxCAP-MH)","volume":"15","author":"Vergunst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-022-02009-6","article-title":"Does the relative importance of the OxCAP-MH\u2019s capability items differ according to mental ill-health experience?","volume":"20","author":"Helter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026021609461806000_16.2.e107988.126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-024-01696-w","article-title":"Population normative data for OxCAP-MH capability scores","volume":"26","author":"Bal\u00e1zs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107988","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:47:30Z","timestamp":1771264050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}}}