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Among recent parents with a new child in the last 6 months, 28.89% reported postpartum depression symptoms (31.29% for women and 24.31% for men). Women with higher social intransitivity (ie, a greater proportion of friend-pairs among their friends that were not themselves connected) had higher odds of depression symptoms (OR=1.27, 95%\u2009CI 1.14 to 1.41), an association not found for men nor in postpartum parents. Because this coefficient is estimated on a 0\u20131\u2009scale, it corresponds to approximately 2.4% higher odds of depression per 10 percentage-point increase in social intransitivity. In a signed-network decomposition that also included adversarial ties, only the proportion of incomplete\/no-tie friend-pairs was associated with depression in women (OR=1.03, 95%\u2009CI 1.01 to 1.04), corresponding to approximately 3% higher odds of depression per 10 percentage-point increase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report that structural social network position and connectedness beyond dyadic ties, including the friendships and adversarial ties of a person\u2019s friends, are associated with depression. These findings highlight the importance of linking psychological health to broader social connections in the context of face-to-face relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-108285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T12:05:48Z","timestamp":1781265948000},"page":"e108285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social network structure and depression by gender in rural Honduras: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selena T","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4219-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Papamichalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7896-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Raygoza-Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5547-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A","family":"Christakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lucia","family":"Rodriguez de la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061205052432000_16.6.e108285.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3826."},{"key":"2026061205052432000_16.6.e108285.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026061205052432000_16.6.e108285.3","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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