{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:34:09Z","timestamp":1773887649472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["No. 2017-12M-3-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017-12M-3-002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2020YFC2008100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2020YFC2008100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the distribution, aetiology, treatment patterns and 2-year outcomes of moderate to severe valvular heart disease (VHD) between men and women in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide, prospective, multicentre cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>46 tertiary hospitals across China, representing a mix of primary and secondary care settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 13 917 adult patients with moderate-to-severe VHD were enrolled between April and June 2018. Of these, 6296 (45.24%) were women. Inclusion criteria included moderate or severe native valve disease, infective endocarditis or prior valve intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients received either conservative therapy or valve interventions, including surgical repair\/replacement or transcatheter procedures. Intervention decisions were based on clinical assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2-year all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, heart failure hospitalisation and major adverse cardiovascular events. Multivariable Cox and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify outcome predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall intervention rate was 31.72%, with no gender difference (men: 31.26% vs women: 32.27%). Among the 5427 patients with severe symptomatic VHD, 49.11% received interventional therapy. The sex-specific pattern was particularly significant in severe symptomatic multiple valvular heart disease, where women had a higher propensity for intervention (p&lt;0.001, OR: 1.19\u20131.66). In severe symptomatic aortic regurgitation patients, women were less likely to receive valve replacement (p=0.03, OR: 0.39\u20130.95).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The 2-year survival rate was 90.85% with no gender difference (men: 90.41% vs women: 91.38%, p=0.086). Valve intervention improved survival to 97.0%, with no gender disparity (men: 96.92% vs women: 97.01%, p=0.87). Multivariate Cox regression confirmed no significant gender effect (p&gt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant gender differences exist in VHD aetiology and subtypes in China. Women had more rheumatic VHD, while men had more degenerative and functional VHD. Intervention improved survival, with no gender disparity. Age and VHD subtype influenced intervention rates and prognosis, supporting individualised, sex- and age-stratified management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT03484806\">NCT03484806<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-108331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T21:55:37Z","timestamp":1773870937000},"page":"e108331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender differences in clinical profiles, management and outcomes of valvular heart disease in China: insights from a nationwide cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03484806","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03484806","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5085-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongli","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, 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