{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:24:01Z","timestamp":1789683841210,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AMRITA Seed Grant","award":["Proposal ID: ASG2022008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proposal ID: ASG2022008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, significantly impacts the quality of life of the affected individuals. Diagnostic approaches, including video fluoroscopic swallowing studies and flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, are the most commonly used methods for assessing swallowing function. Recent advancements have led to the development of artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), which will provide innovative approaches to dysphagia diagnosis and treatment planning. There is a limited synthesis of literature on AI tools in dysphagia. There is an urgent need for a more rigorous and structured scoping review that can address the existing gaps, provide a more comprehensive evidence synthesis, and establish clearer guidelines for the clinical implementation of AI in assessments and management of dysphagia. This review will include studies focusing on AI tools such as ML, DL and computer vision for assessing and managing dysphagia. The context will be clinical or therapeutic settings, and all language articles will be considered for the review. Studies not involving AI technologies, those without clinical outcomes and ethical approval, and those focusing solely on the paediatric population will be excluded. This scoping review will systematically map and synthesise the existing literature on the use of AI tools for the assessment and management of dysphagia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review will follow JBI methodology and PRISMA ScR guidelines. Information to be searched from January 2000 to May 2025 will include MEDLINE (via Ovid), Scopus, CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), Cochrane Library, JBI Evidence Synthesis, ProQuest and Google Scholar. The titles, abstracts and full texts will be screened by two independent reviewers. Data extraction will use a study-specific customised form, with descriptive analysis employed to categorise studies by AI tools and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval is not mandatory for this scoping review as it does not entail the collection of any individual patient data. Secondary data from publicly accessible research papers will be used. All the data sources will be appropriately cited. The findings will be propagated through peer-reviewed publications and scientific presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Open Science Framework: DOI 10.17605\/OSF.IO\/DYCE9.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-108726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T03:50:31Z","timestamp":1764215431000},"page":"e108726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial intelligence tools for the assessment and management of dysphagia: protocol for a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0728-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elayidath Vasudevan","family":"Sreedevi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Health Sciences Campus, Ernakulam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramania","family":"Iyer K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Health Sciences Campus, Ernakulam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnakumar","family":"Thankappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Health Sciences Campus, Ernakulam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1907-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandrashekar","family":"Janakiram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5358-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineetha","family":"Karuveettil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wireless And Network Application, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita School of Engineering Amritapuri, Kollam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh","family":"Guntha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wireless And Network Application, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita School of Engineering Amritapuri, Kollam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayakumar R","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT, Dr. Jayakumar\u2019s Laryngology Group, Thiruvananthapuram, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112619501659000_15.11.e108726.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thankappan K , Iyer S , Menon JR . Dysphagia Management in Head and Neck Cancers: A Manual and Atlas, 2018. Available: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-10-8282-5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8282-5"},{"key":"2025112619501659000_15.11.e108726.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107123","article-title":"Dysphagia-related acute stroke complications: A retrospective observational cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Bond","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025112619501659000_15.11.e108726.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haas R , Bailey S . Clinical and Instrumental Swallowing Assessments for Dysphagia. Cjht 2024;4. doi:10.51731\/cjht.2024.833","DOI":"10.51731\/cjht.2024.833"},{"key":"2025112619501659000_15.11.e108726.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2010.11.020","article-title":"The clinical application of the 100mL water swallow test in head and neck cancer","volume":"47","author":"Patterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"2025112619501659000_15.11.e108726.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.06.004"},{"key":"2025112619501659000_15.11.e108726.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9775-x","article-title":"History of Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing for Evaluation and Management of Pharyngeal Dysphagia: Changes over the 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