{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T23:19:13Z","timestamp":1764890353153,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HL159882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL159882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many patients who are extubated after receiving mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure experience extubation failure (ie, require reintubation hours to days after extubation). High-quality evidence shows that extubating patients directly to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNC), rather than conventional low-flow oxygen, can prevent extubation failure. These guideline-recommended interventions, however, require care coordination involving multiple intensive care unit (ICU) team members and are infrequently used. Interprofessional education (IPE), which teaches members of multiple professions together, could effectively address this implementation gap in complex, team-based, critical care settings, particularly when paired with a customisable protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This batched, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, type 2 hybrid effectiveness\u2013implementation trial will test three hypotheses: (1) when compared with traditional online education (OE), IPE increases implementation of preventive postextubation respiratory support, (2) the benefits of IPE are increased when paired with a clinical protocol and (3) preventive postextubation NIV for high-risk patients and preventive postextubation HFNC for low-risk patients reduce in-hospital mortality when compared with conventional postextubation oxygen therapy. The trial will recruit 24 clusters made up of one or more ICUs that care for at least 100 mechanically ventilated patients per year in a large multihospital health system in the USA. All clusters will receive OE, IPE and a clinical protocol, with timing determined by randomisation. We will also randomise half of the clusters to education promoting postextubation NIV for patients at high risk of extubation failure and preventive, postextubation HFNC for patients at lower risk, whereas the other half will be randomised to education promoting postextubation HFNC for all eligible patients. We will include all patients who are invasively mechanically ventilated for at least 24 hours. The primary implementation endpoint is the rate of use of postextubation NIV or HFNC among eligible participants. The primary clinical endpoint is in-hospital mortality truncated at 60 days from intubation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Pittsburgh and an independent data safety monitoring board. We describe the methods herein using the Standard Protocol Items for Randomised Trials framework and discuss key design decisions. We will disseminate results to participating healthcare providers, through publication in a peer-reviewed medical journal and via presentations at international conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT05523479\">NCT05523479<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-108956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T08:56:03Z","timestamp":1761209763000},"page":"e108956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maximizing Extubation Outcomes Through Educational and Organizational Research (METEOR) Trial: protocol for a batched, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, type 2 hybrid effectiveness\u2013implementation trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05523479","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05523479","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05523479","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05523479","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4791-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niall T","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy M","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA), Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek C","family":"Angus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA), Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Argote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Chou H","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Graff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean R","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chukwudi A","family":"Onyemekwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA), Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 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