{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:15:42Z","timestamp":1792034142504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health and Care Research Wales Evidence Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015846","name":"Welsh Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015846","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outward medical tourism is when people seek medical treatment in a different country to the one they live in. We aimed to identify all studies that describe the impact on the UK National Health Service (NHS) of patients who require treatment due to outward medical tourism for elective surgery and report on complications, costs and benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A rapid literature review. Medical and grey literature databases were searched, limited to literature published between 2012 and 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies published in the English language, conducted in any NHS setting, describing complications, costs or benefits due to outward medical tourism for elective surgery were included. We excluded emergency and semi-urgent surgery, dental and transplant surgery, cancer treatment and fertility treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes were costs and savings to the NHS. Secondary outcomes were type and frequency, demographics, procedures, complications, treatment, follow-up care and use of NHS resources. Results were summarised narratively. Study quality was assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used for certainty of evidence for costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some 35 case series and case reports and two surveys of NHS plastic surgeons were identified. Case studies described 655 patients treated in specific NHS hospitals between 2006 and 2024 for postoperative complications due to metabolic\/bariatric surgery (n=385), cosmetic (n=265) and ophthalmic (n=5) surgery tourism. No cases relating to other surgical specialities were identified in the literature. Most patients were women (90%), with an average age of 38 (range 14\u201369) years. The most common destination for surgery was Turkey (61%). Complications were not well described for metabolic\/bariatric surgery tourism; but for cosmetic surgery tourism, infection and wound dehiscence were most commonly reported. There was evidence that some patients needed complex treatment involving long hospital stays and multiple surgical interventions. Very low certainty evidence indicated that costs to the NHS from outward medical tourism for elective surgery ranged from \u00a31058 to \u00a319 549 per patient in 2024 prices. We found no studies that reported on the benefits of outward medical tourism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic approach is needed to collecting information on the number of people who travel abroad for elective surgery and the frequency and impact on the UK NHS of treating complications. Without these data, we cannot fully understand the risk of seeking surgery abroad.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T23:55:13Z","timestamp":1768348513000},"page":"e109050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Complications and costs to the UK National Health Service due to outward medical tourism for elective surgery: a rapid review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0685-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"England","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Technology Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Bromham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Technology Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Needham-Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Technology Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Hounsome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Unit for Review Evidence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Gillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wales Centre for Evidence-Based Care, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beti-Jane","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Care Research Wales Evidence Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation (CHEME), Bangor University, Bangor, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6228-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Care Research Wales Evidence Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Care Research Wales Evidence Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"},{"name":"North Wales Medical School, Bangor University, Bangor, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011315550631000_16.1.e109050.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12147"},{"key":"2026011315550631000_16.1.e109050.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-023-06522-5"},{"key":"2026011315550631000_16.1.e109050.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/sap.0000000000003683"},{"key":"2026011315550631000_16.1.e109050.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-021-02251-1"},{"key":"2026011315550631000_16.1.e109050.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hsdr02020","article-title":"Implications for the NHS of inward and outward medical tourism: a policy and economic analysis using literature review and mixed-methods approaches","volume":"2","author":"Lunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Serv Deliv Res"},{"key":"2026011315550631000_16.1.e109050.6","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . 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