{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:55:32Z","timestamp":1782496532360,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affected approximately 800\u2009000 Canadians aged 25 years or older in 2015 and it poses a substantial risk of lower extremity amputation (LEA). While clinical risk factors for amputation are well-established, the impact of social determinants of health (SDoH) on amputation risk remains unclear, particularly in a Canadian context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aims to: (1) synthesise evidence on the associations between multilevel SDoH domains and LEA (both major and\/or minor) risk in Canadian PAD patients including intersectional effects of race and ethnicity with another SDoH domain, and (2) evaluate the statistical methodologies used in the researched literature to inform future study design and analysis approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will systematically search MEDLINE, Embase, EmCare, Global Health, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Web of Science for studies examining SDoH and LEA in Canadian patients with PAD (including chronic limb-threatening ischaemia which is a severe form of PAD). Date limits for each database will be from inception through December 2025. SDoH will be categorised using a modified Healthy People 2030 SDoH framework under six domains: economic stability, education, food, neighbourhood and physical environment, healthcare system and community and social context. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full texts, with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Data will be extracted on study characteristics, SDoH measures, outcomes and statistical methods. Risk of bias will be assessed using RoB 2 for randomised trials, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies of interventions and ROBINS-E for studies investigating exposures. A narrative synthesis, and where data permit, a Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis using both effect size and contingency table approaches will be conducted. Statistical heterogeneity will be explored through subgroup analyses and meta-regression, examining study design, SDoH measurement approaches and population characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a systematic review and meta-analysis, ethics approval is not required. For institutional oversight, we provide the contact of Dr Sonia Anand (Associate Vice-President, Global Health, McMaster University; anands@mcmaster.ca). Results will be reported following PRISMA guidelines and disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD420251115759.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T15:45:28Z","timestamp":1770651928000},"page":"e109126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social determinants of health and risk of lower extremity amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease in Canada: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2099-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhiroop","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1327-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandi M","family":"Azab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"},{"name":"Mary Heersink School of Global Health and Social Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8945-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell J","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Mary Heersink School of Global Health and Social Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Banfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayanaswamy","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, 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