{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:52:14Z","timestamp":1782492734634,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the five hepatitis viruses, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of serious acute and chronic liver infections worldwide. The major public health impact of HBV infection arises from chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which predominantly affects young and middle-aged adults of both sexes. Therefore, preventive interventions focusing on mothers and infants are critical due to vertical and early childhood transmission dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>HBV prevalence largely varies among pregnant women in Ethiopia because of multiple interrelated factors. This umbrella review will consolidate all existing systematic reviews and create a more reliable picture of HBV infection and its determinants among pregnant women in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This umbrella review will be conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting standards. The review will focus on identifying and integrating evidence from eligible systematic reviews and meta-analyses, with methodological quality appraised using the MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews instrument. A comprehensive literature search strategy will be developed using relevant Medical Subject Headings alongside free-text keywords. Electronic searches will be conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, African Journals Online, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Statistical heterogeneity among the included reviews will be quantified using the I\u00b2 statistic. Data management and meta-analytic procedures will be performed using STATA version 17, and effect estimates will be presented with corresponding 95% CIs to determine statistical precision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review uses only published or publicly available data, so ethics approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and shared with policymakers, healthcare partners, clinicians and patients to inform policy, enhance education and guide future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO (CRD420251118982).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:17:56Z","timestamp":1772547476000},"page":"e109176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatitis B virus infection and its determinants among pregnant women in Ethiopia: protocol for umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis 2025"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7797-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merkin","family":"Bekele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0636-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woldetsadik Oshine","family":"Oche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Wachemo University, Durame, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4737-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teketel Ermias","family":"Geltore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Sileshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5983-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesfahun Simon","family":"Hadaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery, Arba Minch University, arbaminch, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bereket Akako","family":"Alano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Workineh","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . Hepatitis B fact sheet. Geneva: WHO, 2022."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.2","unstructured":"Hepatitis: preventing mother-to-child transmission of the hepatitis b virus 27 july 2020 | questions and answers, (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.3","unstructured":"Corcorran MA , Nina Kim H . Preventing hbv perinatal transmission, (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.02.007","article-title":"Prevention of Perinatal Hepatitis B Transmission","volume":"50","author":"Higgins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.5","unstructured":"WHO . Hepatitis B, key facts. 2024. Available: https:\/\/ www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b"},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kafeero HM , Ndagire D , Ocama P , et al . Prevalence and predictors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in east Africa: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies published from 2005 to 2020. Arch Public Health 2021;79. doi:10.1186\/s13690-021-00686-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00686-1"},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: Guidelines on antiviral prophylaxis in pregnancy. Geneva: WHO, 2020."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.8","unstructured":"National guidelines for prevention and control 2022."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.9","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH), Ethiopia . National hepatitis prevention and control strategy. Addis Ababa FMoH; 2016."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016\u20132030. Geneva: WHO, 2016."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asgedom YS , Kassie GA , Woldegeorgis BZ , et al . Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and factors associated among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 2024;20. doi:10.1177\/17455057241235881","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057241235881"},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.12","unstructured":"Tilahun D . Deresse Daka, Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care At Public Hospitals in Borena Zone. 79. Southern Ethiopia: SAGE Open Med, 2021."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.13","unstructured":"Metaferia AAY . n.d. Walelign Dessie 2, Ibrahim Ali, Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in southern Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Heal (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebede KM , Abateneh DD , Belay AS . Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of prevalence studies. BMC Infect Dis 2018;18. doi:10.1186\/s12879-018-3234-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3234-2"},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9418475","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Its Determinants among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Alemu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asgedom GAKYS , Woldegeorgis ABZ , Mengistu Meskele Koyira TMK . Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and factors associated among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sage Woman Heal Heal 2024.","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057241235881"},{"key":"2026062609351960000_16.3.e109176.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadesse S , Munshea A , Gelaw B , et al . Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a recent systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Cochrance train. 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