{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:49:52Z","timestamp":1784864992477,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aims to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Greater Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and to examine how demographic and socio-economic factors, such as displacement status and livelihood conditions, are associated with these mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional two-stage multi-cluster sampling survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2016\u20132019, a violent conflict in the Greater Kasai region of the DRC led to widespread atrocities and massive displacement. The population not only has to cope with the aftermath of interpersonal violence, loss of loved ones and displacement but also faces severe food shortages and livelihood crises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected in 2022 from 4069 randomly selected heads of households (displaced and non-displaced) within 126 randomly selected localities in 27 health zones in the Greater Kasai. The study collected data from households with different displacement experiences: internally displaced people (IDPs), returned IDPs, repatriated refugees and members of the host community (those without a displacement history).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcomes are mental health disorders. Anxiety, depression and PTSD were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Primary Care PTSD Screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of anxiety, depression and PTSD was 8.3%, 18.3% and 37.8%, respectively. Anxiety affected 10% of non-displaced respondents, with a similar prevalence among IDPs (9%) and returned IDPs (8%), compared with a substantially lower prevalence among repatriated refugees (4%). About 17% of non-displaced respondents have symptoms of depression; this number is considerably higher for IDPs (22%) and returned IDPs (22%) but lower for repatriated refugees (11%). Around 40% of the non-displaced individuals, IDPs and repatriated refugees are characterised by PTSD, while this share is lower for returned IDPs (31%). Overall, a one unit increase in food insecurity (on a 0\u20137\u2009scale) is associated with higher levels of anxiety (0.33 on a 0\u201321\u2009scale, p&lt;0.001), depression (0.60 on a 0\u201327\u2009scale, p&lt;0.001) and PTSD (0.07 on a 0\u20135\u2009scale, p&lt;0.05); these associations exist for those with and without a displacement history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food insecurity is associated with poor mental health in Greater Kasai. Further research needs to explore how to develop synergistic interventions to improve both mental health and livelihoods in conflict-affected populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:50:50Z","timestamp":1781005850000},"page":"e109384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in displaced and non-displaced individuals after armed conflict: cross-sectional survey evidence from Kasai, Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0787-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nik","family":"Stoop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1487-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"van der Windt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-8096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigrid","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IE University, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3567-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Ventevogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060904501373000_16.6.e109384.1","unstructured":"UNHCR . 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Republique Democratique du Congo: Analyse de l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire aigu\u00eb. septembre \u2013 juin 2026. 2025."},{"key":"2026060904501373000_16.6.e109384.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00061-5","article-title":"Mental health of migrants with pre-migration exposure to armed conflict: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Mesa-Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026060904501373000_16.6.e109384.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132"},{"key":"2026060904501373000_16.6.e109384.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1"},{"key":"2026060904501373000_16.6.e109384.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozuelo JR , Bradenbrink R , Stierna MF , et al . Depression, violence and socioeconomic outcomes among refugees in East Africa: evidence from a multicountry representative survey. 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