{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:53:46Z","timestamp":1782489226393,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022217","name":"Flinders Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SALHN Research Enquiry Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SALHN Research Enquiry Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to co-design a tailored model of care for older people with long COVID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a human-centred design approach, semistructured interviews were conducted with patients and health professionals from a long COVID service to explore their experiences. Insights were further developed during a co-design workshop involving patients, health professionals and community members who identified as older people and who had experience with chronic illness. Key themes were identified and used to map an ideal patient journey and inform the final model of care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID outpatient service in a tertiary hospital in Adelaide, South Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four patients and four health professionals participated in the interviews. The workshop included four patients, five health professionals and seven community members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The co-design process identified challenges experienced by people with long COVID, including lack of validation, delayed multidisciplinary care, mental health deterioration and difficulties navigating the healthcare system. These challenges were described as having particular relevance for older adults. In response, a model of care was developed focused on comprehensive assessment, coordinated multidisciplinary care, education for self-management, mental health support and opportunities for research participation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive and adaptable model of care is needed to address the complex and multifaceted nature of long COVID. This human-centred design approach ensured the model was grounded in lived experience, clinically informed and aligned with patient priorities. While not unique to older adults, the findings highlight areas that may require particular attention in this population, including care coordination, validation and support for comorbidities and social vulnerabilities. While developed in a single tertiary service, these principles may inform the design of services for similar populations in other healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T14:05:33Z","timestamp":1778249133000},"page":"e109911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Model of care to promote recovery in older people with long COVID: findings from interviews and a co-design workshop"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kisani","family":"Manuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Rehabilitation, Aged Care and Palliative Care Division, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1477-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Creative Arts, Design and Humanities, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Creative Arts, Design and Humanities, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanke","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Creative Arts, Design and Humanities, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Gwilt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Creative Arts, Design and Humanities, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0259-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Laver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, Aged Care and Palliative Care Division, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders University Caring Futures Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Adey-Wakeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Rehabilitation, Aged Care and Palliative Care Division, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantel","family":"Seaforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, Aged Care and Palliative Care Division, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Crotty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Rehabilitation, Aged Care and Palliative Care Division, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.1","article-title":"Whole of population-based cohort study of recovery time from COVID-19 in New South Wales Australia","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.2","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Long COVID in Australia \u2013 a review of the literature. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/getmedia\/9592f439-9b96-4589-a55d-6b04e262e5e1\/aihw-phe-318.pdf.aspx?inline=true [Accessed 22 Aug 2025]."},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0750","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"183","author":"Tsampasian","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247314","article-title":"Age, Sex and Previous Comorbidities as Risk Factors Not Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection for Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Notarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9\/ATTACHMENT\/31179DEC-CF64-455B-BD13-6EF0045B7DD6\/MMC1.PDF"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11113002","article-title":"Risk Factors for Long COVID in Older Adults","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e9cary S , Dugas M , Stefan T , et al . Care models for long covid: a rapid systematic review. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.11.17.21266404","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.17.21266404"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.7326\/M24-0677","article-title":"Long COVID Definitions and Models of Care\u202f: A Scoping Review","volume":"177","author":"Chou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.10","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services . Health+ long covid human-centered design report. 2022. Available: https:\/\/health.gov\/sites\/oash\/files\/2025-01\/healthplus-long-covid-report.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2025]."},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/28102","article-title":"The Application of Human-Centered Design Approaches in Health Research and Innovation: A Narrative Review of Current Practices","volume":"9","author":"G\u00f6ttgens","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAQ.0000000000000267"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4536","article-title":"Redesigning healthcare to fit with people","volume":"354","author":"Erwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06451-4","article-title":"Approach to Human-Centered, Evidence-Driven Adaptive Design (AHEAD) for Health Care Interventions: a Proposed Framework","volume":"36","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2023.1606084","article-title":"An Overview of Long COVID Support Services in Australia and International Clinical Guidelines, With a Proposed Care Model in a Global Context","volume":"44","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70072","article-title":"Four Years in, What Are the Research Priorities for Long COVID? A Research Priority-Setting Partnership Between People With Lived Experience, Carers, Clinicians and Researchers","volume":"27","author":"Grant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzaa127"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.18","unstructured":"British Design Council . The double diamond. 2004. Available: https:\/\/www.designcouncil.org.uk\/our-resources\/the-double-diamond\/ [Accessed 22 Aug 2025]."},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/43966","article-title":"Exploring Patient Journey Mapping and the Learning Health System: Scoping Review","volume":"10","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03186.x"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05268-5","article-title":"Engaging with stakeholders to inform the development of a decision-support tool for the NHS health check programme: qualitative study","volume":"20","author":"Hyseni","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690600500107","article-title":"Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development","volume":"5","author":"Fereday","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100167"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100908","article-title":"Impact of long COVID on health-related quality-of-life: an OpenSAFELY population cohort study using patient-reported outcome measures (OpenPROMPT)","volume":"40","author":"Carlile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10091-9","article-title":"Swept under the carpet: a qualitative study of patient perspectives on Long COVID, treatments, services, and mental health","volume":"23","author":"Hawke","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.14008","article-title":"Accessing care for Long Covid from the perspectives of patients and healthcare practitioners: A qualitative study","volume":"27","author":"Turk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101143","article-title":"Finding the \u201cright\u201d GP: a qualitative study of the experiences of people with long-COVID","volume":"4","author":"Kingstone","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12571","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s a fight to get anything you need\u201d - Accessing care in the community from the perspectives of people with multimorbidity","volume":"20","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e849","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00245-8","article-title":"Long COVID and older people","volume":"3","author":"Mansell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050979","article-title":"Experiences of living with long COVID and of accessing healthcare services: a qualitative systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Macpherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102756","article-title":"Psychological factors associated with Long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Engelmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.009"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04497-8","article-title":"The emotional well-being of Long COVID patients in relation to their symptoms, social support and stigmatization in social and health services: a qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"Samper-Pardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/22950","article-title":"Older Adult Peer Support Specialists\u2019 Age-Related Contributions to an Integrated Medical and Psychiatric Self-Management Intervention: Qualitative Study of Text Message Exchanges","volume":"5","author":"Mbao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci7090156","article-title":"The Impact of Peer Support on the Risk of Future Hospital Readmissions among Older Adults with a Medical Illness and Co-Occurring Depression","volume":"7","author":"Conner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2015.1083392"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.39","first-page":"697","article-title":"Online social connectedness and anxiety among older adults","volume":"14","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Commun"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18035"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X702233"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500210","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1500210","article-title":"Outpatient group therapy for post-COVID patients - a naturalistic feasibility study of a face-to-face and online group concept","volume":"15","author":"Zimmermann-Schlegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076506","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of an online supervised group physical and mental health rehabilitation programme for adults with post-covid-19 condition (REGAIN study): multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"384","author":"McGregor","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4644-6","article-title":"Older multimorbid patients\u2019 experiences on integration of services: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Boye","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026062608320017000_16.5.e109911.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109911","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:43:32Z","timestamp":1782488612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}}}