{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:29:29Z","timestamp":1788931769186,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the mental health status and identify associated factors among rural adult women in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study using face-to-face interviews with a semistructured questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected between January and February 2025 in three rural upazilas (Dhamrai, Nawabganj and Sreepur) using multistage systematic sampling. The semistructured questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, household assets and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The wealth index was calculated using principal component analysis. Cases with mild to extreme levels of depression, anxiety and stress were grouped together to indicate the presence of any level of the three mental health problems. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses using \u03c7\u00b2, Fisher\u2019s exact test and Welch two-sample t-test, and multivariable binary logistic regression to identify predictive factors of mental problems. A Venn diagram was generated to display the proportion of patients with anxiety, depression and stress. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (V.26) and R Studio (V.2025.05) with a significance level of p&lt;0.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1350\u2009women aged 18 years or older who were available at home during the data collection period and gave consent to participate. Women who were unable to participate due to illness were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants had a mean (\u00b1SD) age of 36.35 (\u00b112.58) years. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 47.7%, 60.7% and 23.2%, respectively. Moderate severity was most common among patients with depression (20.34%), anxiety (24.20%) and stress (8.03%). 20% of participants experienced all three conditions simultaneously, with 22% having both depression and anxiety. Multivariable analysis revealed that factors associated with an increased odds of depression, anxiety and stress were chronic diseases (ORs (95% CIs): 2.02 (1.50 to 2.73), 1.44 (1.05 to 1.99)\u2009and 1.91 (1.35 to 2.71), respectively) and history of abuse (1.84 (1.28 to 2.66); 3.15 (2.06 to 4.93)\u2009and 1.91 (1.28 to 2.83), respectively). Family history of mental illness was associated with an increased odds of anxiety (1.71 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.87)) and stress (1.61 (95% CI 1.01 to 2.52)). So was the presence of a caregiving role (1.68 (95% CI 1.18 to 2.42)\u2009and 1.50 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.19) for anxiety and stress, respectively). Having a financial problem was associated with an increased odds of anxiety (1.52 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.00)). A happy family relationship was associated with decreased odds of depression (0.28 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.93)), anxiety (0.22 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.60)) and stress (0.50 (95% CI 0.25 to 1.00)). Conjugal satisfaction was protective against anxiety (0.42 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.80)\u2009and stress (0.32 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.59)). Unexpectedly, higher wealth status (being rich) increased depression (1.56 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.34)\u2009and anxiety (1.57 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.41)\u2009risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A major segment of rural adult women of Bangladesh experiences mental health problems. The findings recommend community-based comprehensive mental health screening programmes, interventions and integration of mental healthcare into primary health systems to address this critical public health challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-109974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:28:56Z","timestamp":1774366136000},"page":"e109974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mental health status and associated factors among rural adult women: findings of a community-based cross-sectional study in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5582-2402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Ziaul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Sharf-Ul-Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Foyzur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasreen","family":"Farhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Mycology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmim","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanzina","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakia","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Economics and Health Care Financing, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Azim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abdullah Saeed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032408151520000_16.3.e109974.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101675","article-title":"Quantifying the global burden of mental disorders and their economic value","volume":"54","author":"Arias","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026032408151520000_16.3.e109974.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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