{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:09:11Z","timestamp":1790258951406,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000654","name":"Marie Curie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC-22-502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-22-502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To understand barriers faced by migrants with terminal illness in accessing healthcare services and to document the strategies adopted to mitigate problems they experienced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inductive thematic qualitative interview study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community and hospice settings in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>22 people, comprising 14 working within health\/palliative care settings, 4 in legal\/policy settings and 4 in migrant support, all with experience of supporting people with a terminal illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are substantial and dire consequences for migrants with terminal illness. While patients and professionals struggle to understand migrants\u2019 entitlements, the expense of treatment and\/or the prospect of being charged for healthcare deter access. Healthcare charges and discretionary support were variable. Patients risk accruing heavy healthcare costs\/debts, and some avoid accessing care altogether for fear of immigration services being alerted, with consequent fear of removal\/deportation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Service commissioners and palliative care practitioners must be cognisant of the complex constellation of circumstances in which migrants live and die. Strategies are needed to enhance knowledge around entitlements in order to widen access and promote equitable access to healthcare for terminally ill migrants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:50:26Z","timestamp":1790257826000},"page":"e110213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How do health, social care and legal professionals support visa-dependent migrants affected by a terminal illness in the UK: a qualitative interview study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Sedgley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha","family":"Macgregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liz","family":"Forbat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK"},{"name":"Marie Curie, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.012"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2022.100088","article-title":"Structural barriers to refugee, asylum seeker and undocumented migrant healthcare access. Perceptions of Doctors of the World caseworkers in the UK","volume":"2","author":"Asif","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM - Mental Health"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aker N , Griffiths S , Kupeli N , et al . Experiences and access of palliative and end of life care for older people from minority ethnic groups: a scoping review. BMC Palliat Care 2024;23. doi:10.1186\/s12904-024-01555-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01555-8"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedgley T , Alexander J , Forbat L . First generation migrants\u2019 experiences of terminal illness: a systematic review of diasporic dying. BMC Palliat Care 2025;24. doi:10.1186\/s12904-025-01789-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01789-0"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.5","unstructured":"Gower M , McKinney CJ . The Immigration Health Surcharge (Research Briefing). London: House of Commons Library, 2023."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/02610183251386386","article-title":"The representation of migrants in policy and parliament: a Bacchian analysis of the UK\u2019s immigration health surcharge","volume":"46","author":"Alexander","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit Soc Policy"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768221078327"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/02610183221109133","article-title":"Continued and intensified hostility: the problematisation of immigration in the UK government\u2019s 2021 New Plan for Immigration","volume":"43","author":"Griffiths","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Soc Policy"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowley J , Richards N , Carduff E , et al . The impact of poverty and deprivation at the end of life: a critical review. Palliat Care Soc Pract 2021;15. doi:10.1177\/26323524211033873","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524211033873"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163241257583","article-title":"A systematic review on the impact of financial insecurity on the physical and psychological well-being for people living with terminal illness","volume":"38","author":"Walker-Pow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2024.100414","article-title":"Dying in the margins: experiences of dying at home for people living with financial hardship and deprivation","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM - Qualitative Research in Health"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26323524211033873","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524211033873","article-title":"The impact of poverty and deprivation at the end of life: a critical review","volume":"15","author":"Rowley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Palliat Care Soc Pract"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn S , Richards N , Gott M . Dying at home for people experiencing financial hardship and deprivation: how health and social care professionals recognise and reflect on patients\u2019 circumstances. Palliat Care Soc Pract 2023;17. doi:10.1177\/26323524231164162","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524231164162"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone J , Hirsch D . Poverty at the End of Life in the UK. Marie Curie, 2022.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-SSMabstracts.108"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.15","unstructured":"Curie M . Dying in Poverty. Exploring Poverty at the End of Life in the UK. London: Marie Curie, 2022."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.16","unstructured":"Gov.UK . NHS entitlements: migrant health guide. 2023"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2021-0007","article-title":"Patients or passports? The \u201chostile environment\u201d in the NHS","volume":"8","author":"Worthing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Healthc J"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/lst.2020.26","article-title":"Charging \u2018overseas visitors\u2019 for NHS treatment, from Bevan to Windrush and beyond","volume":"40","author":"McHale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Legal stud"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.19","unstructured":"Nellums LB , Rustage K , Hargreaves S , et al . Access to Healthcare for People Seeking and Refused Asylum in Great Britain: A Review of Evidence. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2018."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rassa N , McCarthy M , Casalotti S , et al . The impact of NHS charging regulations on healthcare access and utilisation among migrants in England: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023;23. doi:10.1186\/s12889-023-15230-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15230-9"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.21","unstructured":"National statistics . Summary of latest statistics summary of latest statistics - gov.UK. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/immigration-system-statistics-year-ending-march-2026\/summary-of-latest-statistics [Accessed 3 Aug 2026]."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.22","unstructured":"Smithson J , Baverstock-Poppy I . Understanding the experience of terminal illness in working-age people. 2022. Available: https:\/\/whatworkswellbeing.org\/blog\/understanding-the-experience-of-terminal-illness-in-working-age-people\/ [Accessed 3 Aug 2026]."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778004231183948"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/qup0000196"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6514","article-title":"Paying for migrant healthcare","volume":"347","author":"Hanefeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stajduhar KI , Mollison A , Giesbrecht M , et al . \u201cJust too busy living in the moment and surviving\u201d: barriers to accessing health care for structurally vulnerable populations at end-of-life. BMC Palliat Care 2019;18. doi:10.1186\/s12904-019-0396-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0396-7"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.28","first-page":"171","article-title":"International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights","volume":"999","year":"1966","journal-title":"Treaty Series"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2018.07.004","article-title":"Cultural considerations at end of life in a geriatric inpatient rehabilitation setting","volume":"26","author":"Bloomer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu A , Barbera L , Sutradhar R , et al . Association between end-of-life cancer care and immigrant status: a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. BMJ Open 2021;11. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042978"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Systems RMD . Similar responses: policy reforms on asylum-seekers\u2019 and refugees\u2019 access to healthcare in Germany and Sweden in the Wake of the 2015\u201317 \u2018Migration Crisis. IMISCOE Research Series 2023;129\u201346. doi:10.1007\/978-3-031-23996-0_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23996-0_8"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzini D . Chapter 1: foucault, governmentality, and the techniques of the self. In: Walters W , Tazzioli M , eds. Handbook on governmentality. Elgar online, 2023: 22\u201337.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781839108662.00008"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163251338583","article-title":"Enhancing the wellbeing of refugees living with advanced life-limiting illness in high-income resettlement countries: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"H","year":"2025","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasie SD , Alava MA , Fekadu L , et al . Community health assets and refugee wellbeing: Qualitative evidence across mental health, disability inclusion, end-of-life care and women\u2019s health - A global scoping review. PLOS Glob Public Health 2026;6. doi:10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005459","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005459"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480618774034","article-title":"\u2018A really hostile environment\u2019: adiaphorization, global policing and the crimmigration control system","volume":"24","author":"Bowling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor Criminol"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.36","unstructured":"Foucault M . Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage books, 1977."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/08992363-15-1-11"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276409106349"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preiss C . Digital migration infrastructures. IMISCOE Research Series 2022;99\u2013109. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-92377-8_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92377-8_5"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozorgmehr K , McKee M , Azzopardi-Muscat N , et al . Integration of migrant and refugee data in health information systems in Europe: advancing evidence, policy and practice. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2023;34. doi:10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100744"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32114-7","article-title":"The UCL\u2013Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move","volume":"392","author":"Abubakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.42","unstructured":"Organization WH . World Report on the Health of Refugees and Migrants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.43","unstructured":"Medact . Patients Not Passports: Challenging Healthcare Charging in the NHS. 2020. London: Medact,"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2019-105419"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards N . The equity turn in palliative and end of life care research: lessons from the poverty literature. Sociol Compass 2022;16. doi:10.1111\/soc4.12969","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12969"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.46","unstructured":"Marie Curie Cancer C . Understanding the cost of end of life care in different settings."},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark D . Cicely Saunders: A Life and Legacy. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2018.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190637934.001.0001"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarenza A , Dauvrin M , Chiesa V , et al . Supporting access to healthcare for refugees and migrants in European countries under particular migratory pressure. BMC Health Serv Res 2019;19. doi:10.1186\/s12913-019-4353-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4353-1"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy K . Everyday bordering, healthcare and the politics of belonging in contemporary britain. In: Paasi A , Saarinen J , Zimmerbauer K , eds. Borderless worlds - for whom?. Abingdon: Routledge, 2018: 15\u201327.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429427817-6"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunaratnam Y . Death and the Migrant. Borders, Bodies and Care. London: Bloomsbury, 2013.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781472544414"},{"key":"2026092406501038000_16.9.e110213.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-10-2020-0168","article-title":"Health-seeking behaviours of immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees in Europe: a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles","volume":"78","author":"Ahmadinia","year":"2022","journal-title":"JD"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:50:51Z","timestamp":1790257851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}}}