{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:40:10Z","timestamp":1777045210525,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Competitive Project of Jiangsu Province\u2019 s Key Research and Development Program","award":["No. BE2023034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BE2023034"]}]},{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["No. 2022YFC2009700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022YFC2009700"]}]},{"name":"The Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["No. 2023ZB393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023ZB393"]}]},{"name":"The Key Project of Jiangsu Province\u2019s Key Research and Development Program","award":["No. BE2023023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BE2023023-2"]}]},{"name":"The Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering","award":["No. 2025-K10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2025-K10"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Hospital clinical diagnosis and treatment of technological innovation \u201cOpen bidding for selecting the best candidates\u201d project","award":["No. JBGS202414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. JBGS202414"]}]},{"name":"The National Funded Postdoctoral Researcher Program","award":["No. GZC20230666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GZC20230666"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 62503152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62503152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Soft robotic gloves (SRGs) integrated with brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have demonstrated potential in facilitating motor recovery after stroke by enabling active, intention-driven rehabilitation. Emerging evidence suggests that incorporating vibrotactile stimulation (VTS) into SRG-BCI systems may further enhance sensorimotor feedback. The objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and underlying neural mechanisms of BCI-driven, intention-based glove activation compared with automated glove-assisted training, with VTS applied identically in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial will involve 48 post-stroke patients within 1\u2009week to 3 months after stroke onset, with stratification by time since stroke during randomisation. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the BCI-SRG group (n=24) or SRG group (n=24). Both groups will receive identical VTS. Patients in the BCI-SRG group will actively initiate movements of the SRG through motor imagery, while those in the SRG group will receive automated glove-assisted training without BCI control. The intervention will be administered 5\u2009days per week for 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity. Secondary outcome measures include Wolf Motor Function Test, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Generic Set, Barthel Index, Modified Ashworth Scale, Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test, as well as event-related spectral perturbation and event-related desynchronisation. All assessments will be conducted at both baseline and post-intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval of this study protocol has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (2025-SR-508). The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and communication with scientific, professional and general public audiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChiCTR2500106951.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T15:10:38Z","timestamp":1771427438000},"page":"e110321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and neural mechanisms of a vibrotactile-enhanced, brain-controlled soft robotic glove for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a multicentre randomised controlled trial protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kai Leng","family":"Catherine 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