{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:52:29Z","timestamp":1777301549206,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Epigenetic study of oral HPV infection-associated oral cancer in people living with HIV in Nigeria","award":["R01CA274952 (MPIs: Hou, Morhason-Bello, Murphy)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA274952 (MPIs: Hou, Morhason-Bello, Murphy)"]}]},{"name":"West Africa Self-Sampling HPV Based Cervical Cancer Control Program","award":["WLWHA U01 CA275129 (MPIs: Hou, Holl, Maiga)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WLWHA U01 CA275129 (MPIs: Hou, Holl, Maiga)"]}]},{"name":"African Union Commission through the Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (including Health and Agriculture)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed women\u2019s preferences and concerns on human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sample and healthcare provider (HCP) sample collections for cervical cancer screening in Ibadan, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study was conducted in primary healthcare centres in selected peri-urban and urban communities in Ibadan, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 620 sexually active women aged 25\u201365 years were recruited for the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was the preferred method of collecting cervico-vaginal sample (self-sampling or provider sampling) by women. Secondary outcomes were observed differences in preferences between women in urban and peri-urban communities, reasons for these preferences, concerns on each method of sample collection and preferred locations for self-sample collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, more women preferred HCP sample collection (51.6%) than self-sampling collection (48.4%) (p=0.422). Self-sampling was more preferred among urban participants (53.7%), while HCP sample collection was more preferred among peri-urban participants (56.6%) (p=0.011). Peri-urban women preferred HCP sample collection due to clinician\u2019s expertise (90.2%) and result reliability (57.8%), while urban women preferred self-sample collection because of privacy (74.2%), comfort (62.1%) and confidentiality (55%). Most women (63.7%) preferred to self-sample in a private place in the hospital while others preferred to self-sample at home (36.3%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preferences for HPV sample collection methods were similar, with a slightly higher proportion of women favouring HCP collection compared with self-sampling. Self-sampling was an acceptable complementary option to HCP-based sampling. Factors such as age, media access, and awareness of HPV were associated with women\u2019s preferences for sample collection methods. Integrating flexible, facility-based self-sampling within existing health services may help address contextual barriers and could potentially improve participation in cervical cancer screening programmes in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:05:28Z","timestamp":1777298728000},"page":"e110692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Women\u2019s preferences and concerns on HPV screening sampling methods for cervical cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uduak Ima","family":"Andrew-Bassey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf Olatunji","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Okunlola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran O","family":"Morhason-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine\/University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine and cervical cancer prevention in Africa","volume":"27","author":"Okonofua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00023","article-title":"How the Cervical Microbiota Contributes to Cervical Cancer Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30482-6","article-title":"Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis","volume":"8","author":"Arbyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgc.2025.101816","article-title":"Scale-up of cervical cancer prevention services in Zambia","volume":"35","author":"Fallah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.5","article-title":"Public Health Approach in the Elimination and Control of Cervical Cancer: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Jallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention Strategies and Early Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer: Current State and Prospects","volume":"13","author":"Kakotkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085408","article-title":"Scoping review protocol on the perception and attitude of women on methods for collecting cervicovaginal samples for human papillomavirus testing in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"14","author":"Andrew-Bassey","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1123","article-title":"Evidence-based policy choices for efficient and equitable cervical cancer screening programs in low-resource settings","volume":"6","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.9","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization . Integrating HPV testing in cervical cancer screening programs. 2016."},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.10","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem and its associated goals and targets for the period 2020 \u2013 2030. United Nations General Assembly, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240014107"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001351","article-title":"Self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003743","article-title":"HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening: a systematic review of values and preferences","volume":"6","author":"Nishimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00077","article-title":"Self-Sampling for Human Papillomavirus Testing: Increased Cervical Cancer Screening Participation and Incorporation in International Screening Programs","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12698-9"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasc.2024.08.044","article-title":"Validating Human Papillomavirus Self-Collection Testing as an Alternative Approach to Cervical Cancer Screening","volume":"13","author":"Yoda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Soc Cytopathol"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008533","article-title":"Qualitative study of barriers to cervical cancer screening among Nigerian women","volume":"6","author":"Isa Modibbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.17","article-title":"Chapter 8: Screening for cervical cancer in developing countries","volume":"24 Suppl 3","author":"Denny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v109i1.13278","article-title":"South African women\u2019s perspectives on self-sampling for cervical cancer screening: A mixed-methods study","volume":"109","author":"Saidu","year":"2019","journal-title":"South African Med J"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010054","article-title":"Exploring Factors Associated with Patients Who Prefer Clinician-Sampling to HPV Self-Sampling: A Study Conducted in a Low-Resource Setting","volume":"19","author":"Sormani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26202"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08777-4","article-title":"Interventions to increase uptake of cervical screening in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review using the integrated behavioral model","volume":"20","author":"Lott","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2017.01.009","article-title":"Cervical cancer screening and treatment in Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Nakisige","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol Rep"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2020.561202","article-title":"Acceptability of Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Living With HIV and HIV-Negative Women in Limb\u00e9, Cameroon","volume":"2","author":"Pierz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-00917-7","article-title":"\u201cThe best thing is that you are doing it for yourself\u201d - perspectives on acceptability and feasibility of HPV self-sampling among cervical cancer screening clients in Tanzania: a qualitative pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Bakiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5348"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.26","unstructured":"Akinpelu OM , Ayeloja AA , George FOA , et al . Gender Analysis of Processing Activities among Commercial Catfish Processors within Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State South-Western Nigeria. J Aquac Res Dev 2013."},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.27","unstructured":"Andrew-Bassey UI , Bello YO , Oke OO , et al . A Quasi-experimental Study on the Comparison of Self-sampling and Clinician Sampling for HPV DNA Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening in Ibadan, Nigeria. Eur J Med Heal Sci 2026. doi:10.24018\/ejmed.2026.1.1.70115"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.28","unstructured":"WHO . Comprehensive cervical cancer control. Geneva, 2014:366\u201378."},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101643","article-title":"Predictors, barriers and motivating factors for human papillomavirus vaccination and testing as preventive measures for cervical cancer: A study of urban women in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Okunowo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.30","unstructured":"National Population Commission . Nigeria data portal. 2006. Available: https:\/\/nigeria.opendataforafrica.org\/xspplpb\/nigeria-census"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.31","unstructured":"Andrew-Bassey U , Ibraheem O , Lawal E , et al . The Influence of HPV Sampling Instructional Video on the Perception of Women for Cervico-vaginal Sample Collection Methods in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. 2026."},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12963","article-title":"HPV self-sampling acceptability and preferences among women living with HIV in Botswana","volume":"147","author":"Kohler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.33","unstructured":"The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . Nigeria data protection act. 2023.47."},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11296-5","article-title":"Health system factors that influence diagnostic and treatment intervals in women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Gbenonsi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.35","first-page":"129","article-title":"Exposure and perception of televisoin health programs among Nnamdi","volume":"7","author":"Anyaogu","year":"2024","journal-title":"African Sch Multidiscip J"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70663","article-title":"Mass Media Exposure and Cervical Cancer Screening in Rural Sub\u2010Saharan Africa: A Multi\u2010Country Cross\u2010Sectional Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bawuah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heal Sci reports"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S455118"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106900","article-title":"Worldwide use of HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening","volume":"154","author":"Serrano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.02.026"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-596","article-title":"Acceptability of self-collection sampling for HPV-DNA testing in low-resource settings: a mixed methods approach","volume":"14","author":"Bansil","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03178-w","article-title":"Health-seeking behaviour during times of illness among urban poor women: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Hamzah","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0778-2","article-title":"Perspectives of women participating in a cervical cancer screening campaign with community-based HPV self-sampling in rural western Kenya: a qualitative study","volume":"19","author":"Oketch","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.43","unstructured":"Berner A , Ben HS , Tebeu P , et al . Women\u2019s uncertainties over the reliability of the method are barriers to acceptance. 2013."},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0448-1","article-title":"Self-collected vaginal sampling for the detection of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) using careHPV among Ghanaian women","volume":"17","author":"Obiri-Yeboah","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026042707051195000_16.4.e110692.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0809-z","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to uptake of cervical cancer screening among women in Uganda: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Black","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:05:41Z","timestamp":1777298741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110692","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}