{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:55:54Z","timestamp":1782496554549,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investment INV-056490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investment INV-056490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nigeria has the highest number of maternal deaths globally, and maternal peripartum sepsis is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality. A single oral dose of azithromycin (AZM; 2 g) is safe and effectively reduces 33%\u201360% of maternal sepsis during planned vaginal birth in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the clinical and cost-effectiveness of oral AZM during vaginal birth in Nigeria remains unknown in the context of poor antimicrobial stewardship practices, significant antimicrobial resistance and healthcare financing. Evidence is also lacking on the standard care for the prevention of maternal sepsis among pregnant women undergoing vaginal births in Nigeria. The AZIN-V trial is a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial to determine the safety, clinical and cost-effectiveness of intrapartum oral AZM versus usual care in the prevention of peripartum maternal sepsis. The trial will also examine the impact of implementation strategies in enhancing adherence to the oral AZM protocol during planned vaginal births and identify effective strategies to improve adherence (fidelity) to the protocol in real-world LMIC settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a multicentre hybrid type 2 trial conducted in six Nigerian states: Ebonyi, Edo, Gombe, Kano, Kwara and Lagos. The study aims to simultaneously test the clinical and cost-effectiveness of AZM (clinical trial) and the impact of implementation strategies (implementation research) in Nigeria\u2019s unique healthcare context. The clinical trial is a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial conducted across 48 health facilities, randomly assigned (1:1) to either intrapartum administration of oral AZM (intervention group) or usual care\u2014the current routine practice (control group). A total of 5040 study participants (2520 in each group) will be enrolled in the clinical trial. The implementation trial is a two-arm cluster non-randomised controlled trial conducted in 12 health facilities (1:1) allocated to either a bottom-up approach using the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle or a usual top-down approach with a one-time training workshop and distribution of clinical guidelines, with both arms administering oral AZM during vaginal birth while assessing fidelity (primary outcome).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>For the clinical trial, data will be analysed using intention-to-treat statistical methods. The cost-effectiveness outcome will be analysed using the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio. Implementation outcomes will be analysed using descriptive statistics and a thematic approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee, Nigeria (NHREC\/01\/01\/2007-30\/09\/2024), the ethics committees of the participating health institutions (Lagos University Teaching Hospital Research Ethics Committee: ADM\/DSCST\/HREC\/APP\/6325; University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee: ERC\/PAN\/2025\/03\/0581; University of Benin Teaching Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee: ADM\/E22\/A\/VOL. VII\/483117141; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Research Ethics Committee: AKTH\/MAC\/SUB\/12 A\/P-3\/VI\/2509 and Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Research Ethics Committee: ISTH\/HREC\/20241507\/605), the Ministries of Health of the six states and the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control. Written informed consent will be obtained from all eligible study participants before enrolment. Results will be shared with communities and policy stakeholders and through peer-reviewed journals and will be presented at conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"isrctn\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN16415327\">ISRCTN16415327<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T14:55:39Z","timestamp":1770389739000},"page":"e110719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Azithromycin use in labour to prevent sepsis among pregnant women undergoing vaginal delivery in Nigeria (AZIN-V): a study protocol for a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn16415327","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"},{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn16415327","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"},{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn16415327","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7511-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bosede Bukola","family":"Afolabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Lagos College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Surulere, Nigeria"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Trials, Research and Implementation Science (CCTRIS), University of Lagos College of Medicine, Lagos, 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