{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:05:02Z","timestamp":1790103902161,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dyspnoea is one of the most distressing symptoms in patients with advanced lung cancer, substantially impairing quality of life and complicating palliative care. Traditional assessment and management approaches often rely on episodic self-report and may not fully capture the dynamic and multidimensional nature of breathlessness. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies may support symptom assessment, remote monitoring, risk prediction and decision support. However, the types of AI technologies used for dyspnoea-related care in advanced lung cancer, the data inputs and outcomes reported and the clinical or home-care contexts in which these tools are applied remain unclear. This scoping review will map the available evidence on AI applications in dyspnoea management for patients with advanced lung cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. The protocol will be prepared in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) where applicable, and the completed review will be reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We will search PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Cochrane Library, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, PsycINFO, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP Database and SinoMed from database inception with no date restrictions. Supplementary searches will include Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, medRxiv, arXiv, ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses and reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews. Eligible evidence will include original quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies as well as full grey-literature reports with sufficient empirical data. Systematic, scoping and narrative reviews will not be included as evidence units but will be used to identify additional primary studies. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full texts, with disagreements resolved by discussion or a third reviewer. Data will be charted using a piloted extraction form and will include study characteristics, AI technology type, data sources, dyspnoea-related outcomes, implementation context and reported feasibility or performance metrics where available. Findings will be synthesised descriptively and thematically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As this review will use published and publicly available literature and will not involve primary patient data, ethical approval will not be required. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed results paper, conference presentations and summary briefs for clinicians, researchers and policymakers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review protocol has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, registration number CRD420251112279).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:35:26Z","timestamp":1790102126000},"page":"e110915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applications of artificial intelligence in dyspnoea management for patients with advanced lung cancer: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2970-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Humanities and Sciences College, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Humanities and Sciences College, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/17410541.2025.2494982","article-title":"Genomics and the early diagnosis of lung cancer","volume":"22","author":"Pepe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Per Med"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson MJ , Yorke J , Hansen-Flaschen J , et al . Towards an expert consensus to delineate a clinical syndrome of chronic breathlessness. Eur Respir J 2017;49. doi:10.1183\/13993003.02277-2016","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02277-2016"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03465","article-title":"Management of dyspnea in advanced cancer: ASCO guideline","volume":"39","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2016.1146596","article-title":"Treating breathlessness in lung cancer patients: the potential of breathing training","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.003"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2022.103870","article-title":"Systematic review of the literature on the occurrence and characteristics of dyspnea in oncology patients","volume":"181","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2022.11.010","article-title":"Distinct shortness of breath profiles in oncology outpatients undergoing chemotherapy","volume":"65","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.atm_192_23","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in respiratory care: Current scenario and future perspective","volume":"19","author":"Al-Anazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani MM , Alanazi AMM , Algarni SS , et al . Unveiling the influence of AI on advancements in respiratory care: narrative review. Interact J Med Res 2024;13. doi:10.2196\/57271","DOI":"10.2196\/57271"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitazkova D , Foltan E , Kosnacova H , et al . Advances in respiratory monitoring: a comprehensive review of wearable and remote technologies. Biosensors (Basel) 2024;14. doi:10.3390\/bios14020090","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14020090"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapetanidis P , Kalioras F , Tsakonas C , et al . Respiratory diseases diagnosis using audio analysis and artificial intelligence: a systematic review. Sensors (Basel) 2024;24. doi:10.3390\/s24041173","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041173"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenig C , Schmidt SB , Ringler E , et al . Non-invasive wearable devices in paediatric cancer care: requirements and challenges. Clin Cancer Inform 2025;100220. doi:10.1016\/j.ejcped.2025.100220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcped.2025.100220"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-025-03959-2","article-title":"Contactless apnea event detection using visible-thermal imaging","volume":"19","author":"Maurya","year":"2025","journal-title":"SIViP"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-023-05480-0","article-title":"Extracting cancer concepts from clinical notes using natural language processing: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Gholipour","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estevez M , Benedum CM , Jiang C , et al . Considerations for the use of machine learning extracted real-world data to support evidence generation: a research-centric evaluation framework. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14. doi:10.3390\/cancers14133063","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133063"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e419","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad305","article-title":"The use of wearable devices in oncology patients: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Chow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clo\u00df K , Verket M , M\u00fcller-Wieland D , et al . Application of wearables for remote monitoring of oncology patients: a scoping review. Digit Health 2024;10. doi:10.1177\/20552076241233998","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241233998"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.77205","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in clinical decision support systems for oncology","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-025-04092-8","article-title":"KI-gest\u00fctzte klinische Entscheidungsunterst\u00fctzungssysteme: Herausforderungen und Potenziale","volume":"68","author":"Tschochohei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu M , Wu J , Wang N , et al . The value of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023;18. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0273445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273445"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheo HM , Ong CYG , Ting Y . A systematic review of AI performance in lung cancer detection on CT thorax. Healthcare (Basel) 2025;13. doi:10.3390\/healthcare13131510","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13131510"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhar E , Bah AN , Chicchi Giglioli IA , et al . A Scoping Review and a Taxonomy to Assess the Impact of Mobile Apps on Cancer Care Management. Cancers (Basel) 2023;15. doi:10.3390\/cancers15061775","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061775"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X , Dunn J , Salins D , et al . Digital health: tracking physiomes and activity using wearable biosensors reveals useful health-related information. PLoS Biol 2017;15. doi:10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001402"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu H-L , Gong T-T , Song X-J , et al . Artificial intelligence performance in image-based cancer identification: umbrella review of systematic reviews. J Med Internet Res 2025;27: . doi:10.2196\/53567","DOI":"10.2196\/53567"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim MS , Mohamed Yusoff H , Abu Bakar YI , et al . Digital health for quality healthcare: a systematic mapping of review studies. Digit Health 2022;8. doi:10.1177\/20552076221085810","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221085810"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris E , Lockwood C , Porritt K . JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI; 2024. Available: https:\/\/jbi-global-wiki.refined.site\/space\/MANUAL","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050"},{"key":"2026092211352010000_16.9.e110915.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:35:32Z","timestamp":1790102132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-110915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}}}