{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:10:51Z","timestamp":1774980651846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inter-regional Hospital Clinical Research Program obtained in 2022"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 2.5% of adults in the general population, compared with more than 20% among individuals treated for addictive disorders (substance use disorders (SUD) and\/or behavioural addictions (BAs)). The presence of ADHD is associated with earlier onset, greater severity and poorer prognosis of addictive disorders. In this context, pharmacological treatments, including methylphenidate (MPH), are widely recommended for adults with ADHD. However, their efficacy remains moderate and may be limited by poor adherence. The association between ADHD and addictive disorders may be explained by shared endophenotypes, particularly neuropsychological patterns, which may further amplify adherence difficulties. Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) targets impaired cognitive functions and promotes compensatory strategies, and may thereby enhance treatment adherence and overall efficacy. However, evidence in adults with ADHD, especially those with comorbid addictive disorders, remains limited and methodologically constrained. We hypothesise that combining MPH with CRT targeting shared neuropsychological deficits will be more effective for patients with ADHD and comorbid addictive disorders. Demonstrating the efficacy of this combined approach could promote the widespread use of CRT in the multimodal management of ADHD, providing patients with access to affordable and autonomous care. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether this combined approach improves functional and symptomatic outcomes in the short and medium term.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      META (MEthylph\u00e9nidate dans la comorbidit\u00e9 TDAH \u2013 Addiction(s)) is a multicentre, randomised, single-blind controlled trial (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06906328\">NCT06906328<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). It will include 248 adults (124 per group) with ADHD requiring MPH treatment and at least one addictive disorder (SUD and\/or BA). After stabilisation of MPH dosage, eligible patients will be enrolled and randomised to either (1) active CRT+MPH using PRESCO software (HappyNeuron) or (2) control CRT+MPH using AUDITICO software (HappyNeuron). CRT sessions will take place two times weekly for 12 weeks, both at the hospital and at home. Follow-up visits will occur at the end of CRT (short-term) and 6\u2009months after the final session (medium-term). Semistructured clinical interviews on psychiatric and addictive disorders, neuropsychological assessments and self-report questionnaires of ADHD, impulsivity, self-esteem and emotion dysregulation will be administered in an unblinded manner at baseline and follow-up assessments. The primary endpoint is defined as a reduction of at least 30% in the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale total score from baseline to medium-term follow-up.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study has ethical approval from the French National Ethics Committee (24 December 2024) and follows Good Clinical Practice and Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials 2025 guidelines. Participants will provide written informed consent, and data will be pseudonymised and securely archived for 15 years. Data management and monitoring will follow internal procedures, with annual quality checks. Results will be shared with patients via a simplified summary and with professionals through publications, with preprints and final papers on a French open-access repository.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06906328\">NCT06906328<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-111698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:35:44Z","timestamp":1774978544000},"page":"e111698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of adding cognitive remediation therapy to methylphenidate in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and addictive disorders (META): CRT in ADHD and addiction \u2013 META study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06906328","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06906328","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06906328","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6042-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Cabelguen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UIC Psychiatrie et Sant\u00e9 Mentale, University Hospital Centre Nantes, Nantes, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Methods in Patient-Centered Outcomes and Health Research (SPHERE), Nantes Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00eblle","family":"Challet-Bouju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UIC Psychiatrie et Sant\u00e9 Mentale, University Hospital Centre Nantes, Nantes, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Methods in Patient-Centered Outcomes and Health Research (SPHERE), Nantes Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Thiabaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UIC Psychiatrie et Sant\u00e9 Mentale, University Hospital Centre Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Donnio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UIC Psychiatrie et Sant\u00e9 Mentale, University Hospital Centre Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UIC Psychiatrie et Sant\u00e9 Mentale, University Hospital Centre Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Beno\u00eet","family":"Hardouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Methods in Patient-Centered Outcomes and Health Research (SPHERE), Nantes Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, Nantes, France"},{"name":"Methodology and Biostatistics, Nantes Universit\u00e9, University hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France"},{"name":"Public Health Department, Nantes Universit\u00e9, University hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Grall-Bronnec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UIC Psychiatrie et Sant\u00e9 Mentale, University Hospital Centre Nantes, Nantes, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Methods in Patient-Centered Outcomes and Health Research (SPHERE), Nantes Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association . Diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edn. Washinton, DC: APA, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0208-3","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"9","author":"Fayyad","year":"2017","journal-title":"ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001","article-title":"Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD","volume":"56","author":"Kooij","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur psychiatr"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.6","first-page":"433","article-title":"Pharmacological management of ADHD: Does prescribing equals to curing","volume":"5","author":"Carton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Press Med Form"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096594"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01391-9","article-title":"The effects of stimulant dose and dosing strategy on treatment outcomes in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Farhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.3985","article-title":"Treatment Outcomes With Licensed and Unlicensed Stimulant Doses for Adults With Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Farhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21010032"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.12","article-title":"Effectiveness of pharmaceutical therapy of ADHD (Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder) in adults - health technology assessment","volume":"6","author":"Benkert","year":"2010","journal-title":"GMS Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.13","article-title":"Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults","volume":"2","author":"Boesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00332-2","article-title":"ADHD medication discontinuation and persistence across the lifespan: a retrospective observational study using population-based databases","volume":"11","author":"Brikell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1917069"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2004.10.2.122","article-title":"Stimulant Treatment Patterns and Compliance in Children and Adults With Newly Treated Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"10","author":"Perwien","year":"2004","journal-title":"JMCP"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819c23ed"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0156-8","article-title":"Treatment compliance or medication adherence in children and adolescents on ADHD medication in clinical practice: results from the COMPLY observational study","volume":"7","author":"Wehmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.01.006"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277175","article-title":"The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: A systematic literature review","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.4.716"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021275","article-title":"Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Populations: Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rohner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabelguen C , Begnaud A , Grall-Bronnec M . TDAH et addictions: fardeau ou levier th\u00e9rapeutique? Presse M\u00e9dicale Form. 2024. doi:10.1016\/j.lpmfor.2024.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpmfor.2024.09.004"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2019.06.005"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2024.00020","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical phenotypes of adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid behavioral addictions","volume":"13","author":"Grassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-016-9660-8","article-title":"Comorbidity between Behavioral Addictions and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Karaca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231161336","article-title":"Adult ADHD Diagnosis, Symptoms of Impulsivity, and Emotional Dysregulation in a Clinical Sample of Outpatients Consulting for a Behavioral Addiction","volume":"27","author":"El Archi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00074","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gaming disorder: Frequency and associated factors in a clinical sample of patients with Gaming Disorder","volume":"10","author":"Cabelguen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000530110","article-title":"Frequency of and Factors Associated with the Presence of a History of Probable Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Population of Patients with Sex Addiction","volume":"29","author":"Schreck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328628"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12249"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2013.824359"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12370"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20796","article-title":"Managing dual disorders: a statement by the Informal Scientific Network, UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs","volume":"19","author":"Volkow","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.35","first-page":"730","article-title":"The epidemiology of dual diagnosis","volume":"56","author":"Kessler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.10.006"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00016","article-title":"Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Patterns in Persistent Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and in Association With Impulsive and Callous Traits","volume":"11","author":"Meijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490515694"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.07.006"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256228","article-title":"Basic and complex cognitive functions in Adult ADHD","volume":"16","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.030","article-title":"Impact of general cognition and executive function deficits on addiction treatment outcomes: Systematic review and discussion of neurocognitive pathways","volume":"71","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Salas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106228","article-title":"Prediction of drop-out and outcome in integrated cognitive behavioral therapy for ADHD and SUD: Results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"103","author":"van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-36","article-title":"Predictors and impact of non-adherence in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder receiving OROS methylphenidate: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Kooij","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0116-3"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi M , Ghasemzadeh S , Shabanali Fami F . Treatment Adherence in ADHD: A Systematic Review of Influencing Factors and Strategies for Improvement. J Atten Disord 2025;10870547251387006. doi:10.1177\/10870547251387006","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251387006"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.02.006"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231214969","article-title":"Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Combined with Pharmacotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy Alone in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.12.010"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2023.04.010","article-title":"Non-pharmacological treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity (ADHD). Overview and report of the first international symposium on the non-pharmacological management of ADHD","volume":"50","author":"Dentz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616635612"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00902-9","article-title":"Goal management training improves executive control in adults with ADHD: an open trial employing attention network theory to examine effects on attention","volume":"10","author":"Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2022.2162900","article-title":"Computerized working memory training for adults with ADHD in a psychiatric outpatient context\u2014a feasibility trial","volume":"32","author":"Sj\u00f6wall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Adult"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.200541","article-title":"Executive Function Training for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"130","author":"Shuai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.05.044"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081014","article-title":"A Paradigm for Targeting Functional Impairment as an Outcome in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0718-0"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.57","first-page":"1","article-title":"ADHD Symptoms vs. Impairment: Revisited","volume":"14","author":"Barkley","year":"2006","journal-title":"ADHD Rep"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705283881"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0400-1"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.60","unstructured":"Cabelguen C , Challet-Bouju G , Grall-Bronnec M . Context, hypotheses and objectives. Preprint at osf.io\/z8gs2. 2025."},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.61","unstructured":"Cabelguen C , Challet-Bouju G , Grall-Bronnec M . Study design and conduct. Preprint at osf.io\/br24t. 2025."},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.62","unstructured":"Cabelguen C , Challet-Bouju G , Grall-Bronnec M . Measures and outcomes. Preprint at osf.io\/fcv3b. 2025."},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081477","article-title":"SPIRIT 2025 statement: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials","volume":"389","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21050549","article-title":"Setting the Foundations of Developmental Precision Psychiatry for ADHD","volume":"178","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","article-title":"The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI","volume":"12","author":"Lecrubier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur psychiatr"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.66","unstructured":"Gerstein D , Murphy S , Toce M , et al . Gambling impact and behavior study. report to the national gambling impact study commission. 1999. Available: https:\/\/www.norc.org\/pdfs\/publications\/gibsfinalreportapril1999.pdf"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.67","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association . Diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edn. Washinton, DC: APA, 1994."},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3182251a28"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716673320"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480671","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.480671","article-title":"The Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0: Validation Among Non-Clinical and Clinical French-Speaking Samples and Comparison With the Full Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0","volume":"11","author":"Brunault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000136"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.72","first-page":"242","article-title":"Compulsive buying: a report of 20 cases","volume":"55","author":"McElroy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.73","first-page":"S367","article-title":"Adult ADHD: Translation and factor analysis of the ASRS-1.1","volume":"23","author":"Caci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716661421","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale: Evidence for Utility in Research, Assessment, and Treatment of ADHD in Emerging Adults","volume":"24","author":"Canu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718797434","article-title":"Validation of the French Version of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Self-Report in a Large Cohort of Adult Patients With ADHD","volume":"23","author":"Micoulaud-Franchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.09.001"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00064-7"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9514-x"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg M . Society and the Adolescent Self-Image 1965;560\u20132. Available: https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9781400876136\/html","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.81","unstructured":"Brickenkamp R . Manuel Du Test D2. Bruxelles, 1969."},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brickenkamp R , Zillmer E . The D2 test of attention. 1st edn. Seattle, WA, 1998.","DOI":"10.1037\/t03299-000"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.83","first-page":"445","article-title":"Measuring Working Memory With Digit Span and the Letter-Number Sequencing Subtests From the WAIS-IV: Too Low Manipulation Load and Risk for Underestimating Modality Effects","volume":"22","author":"Egeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol: Adult"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710389988"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2015.1124108","article-title":"Effects of methylphenidate on memory functions of adults with ADHD","volume":"24","author":"Fuermaier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Adult"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.03.013","article-title":"ADHD subtypes and neuropsychological performance in an adult sample","volume":"55","author":"Dobson-Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.88","first-page":"207","article-title":"Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level","volume":"90","author":"Cardebat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"2026033110353416000_16.3.e111698.89","first-page":"161","article-title":"Planification de la visite du zoo (batterie BADS) et niveau de handicap dans la scl\u00e9rose en plaques r\u00e9currente r\u00e9mittente","volume":"7","author":"Chanial","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Neuropsychol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-111698","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:35:50Z","timestamp":1774978550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-111698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-111698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-111698","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}