{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:15:43Z","timestamp":1791400543406,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant number OCT-194221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number OCT-194221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000098","name":"Canadian Stem Cell Network","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a major complication among extremely low gestational age (ELGA) infants, with long-term respiratory and neurodevelopmental consequences. Despite advances in neonatal care, effective therapies to prevent BPD are lacking. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), particularly those derived from umbilical cord (UC-MSC), offer promise due to their pleiotropic effects. Preclinical and early-phase clinical studies have demonstrated safety and potential efficacy of MSC in neonatal lung injury. The Helping Underdeveloped Lungs with Cells (HULC)-2 trial aims to evaluate whether multiple intravenous doses of human allogenic UC-MSC can reduce mechanical ventilation duration and improve the respiratory outcome in ELGA infants at high risk of developing BPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HULC-2 is a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled Phase II trial conducted in Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units. ELGA infants (gestational age &lt;28 weeks) who remain ventilator-dependent between 4 and 14 days of life will be randomised to receive either 3\u2009weekly intravenous doses of UC-MSC (10\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009cells\/kg\/dose) or a sham procedure. The primary outcome is ventilation-free days (VFDs) at 120 days postrandomisation, accounting for mortality. Secondary outcomes include cell administration safety, respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes and complications of prematurity. A total of 168 participants will be enrolled to detect a clinically meaningful difference in VFDs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was approved through Clinical Trials Ontario by the Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, conferences and public engagement platforms. Parent partners are actively involved in study design and dissemination to ensure relevance and transparency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT07058025\">NCT07058025<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:37:04Z","timestamp":1783345024000},"page":"e112385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Helping Underdeveloped Lungs with Cells (HULC-2): mesenchymal stromal cells in extreme preterm infants at risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia \u2013 a study protocol of a phase 2 multicentre double blind randomised controlled trial in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct07058025","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04255147","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04255147","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04400032","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Renesme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1741-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Horth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Grimwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Da Sylva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanele","family":"Cyr-Depauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Manufacturing Practice Facility, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"R\u00fcdiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, SN, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius A","family":"M\u00f6bius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Manufacturing Practice Facility, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, SN, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Courtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3389-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean A","family":"Fergusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Thebaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30308-0","article-title":"Childhood neurodevelopmental outcome following extremely preterm birth","volume":"2","author":"Shankaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30064-6","article-title":"Lung function trajectories throughout childhood in survivors of very preterm birth: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Simpson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207554"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra067279"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.4396","article-title":"Variation in Performance of Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the United States","volume":"171","author":"Horbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.68"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.08.020"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00039513"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61379-8"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc073362"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2719","article-title":"Cognitive Development and Quality of Life Associated With BPD in 10-Year-Olds Born Preterm","volume":"141","author":"Sriram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127107"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.09.021"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1974","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"375","author":"Gilfillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.4721","article-title":"The Search for Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"170","author":"Jobe","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200902-0179OC"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200902-0242OC"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202323"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.176"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.643"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2015.00050","article-title":"Stem Cells and Their Mediators \u00e2\u20ac\u201c Next Generation Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"2","author":"M\u00c3\u00b6bius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0126","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies","volume":"6","author":"Augustine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202012-4520OC","article-title":"Pulmonary and Neurologic Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles in a Multifactorial Lung Injury Model","volume":"205","author":"Lithopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146095","article-title":"Neonatal hyperoxia in mice triggers long-term cognitive deficits via impairments in cerebrovascular function and neurogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Lithopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189895","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Archambault","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13528","article-title":"Repair of neonatal brain injury: bringing stem cell-based therapy into clinical practice","volume":"59","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2017.08.004","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell transplantations: A systemic analysis of clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Can","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.100249","article-title":"Cell therapy with intravascular administration of mesenchymal stromal cells continues to appear safe: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szae033"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0330"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.011"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.029"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2024.02.028"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201101-0055OC"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371702"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0862"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140917986"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072604","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord express preferentially secreted factors related to neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Hsieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szab011","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Bone Marrow-derived Versus Umbilical Cord Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Experimental Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"11","author":"Benny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132925","article-title":"Biodistribution of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells after Administration in Animal Models and Humans: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez-Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szac088"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0116","article-title":"Late Rescue Therapy with Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Established Lung Injury in Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"29","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2018.09.003","article-title":"Off-label mesenchymal stromal cell treatment in two infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical course and biomarkers profile","volume":"20","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Fuente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14653249.2011.623691"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2415","article-title":"Cryopreserved Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Are Susceptible to T-Cell Mediated Apoptosis Which Is Partly Rescued by IFN\u03b3 Licensing","volume":"34","author":"Chinnadurai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1729"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31203-X","article-title":"Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Cx601) for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"388","author":"Pan\u00e9s","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12673","article-title":"Darvadstrocel for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Taxonera","year":"2025","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2024.10.008"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/17407745231171647","article-title":"Success of blinding a procedural intervention in a randomised controlled trial in preterm infants receiving respiratory support","volume":"20","author":"Reid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.21892"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15801","article-title":"Duration of mechanical ventilation and prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and home oxygen in extremely preterm infants","volume":"110","author":"Dassios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-2050CP"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46456-7","article-title":"Effect of different courses and durations of invasive mechanical ventilation on respiratory outcomes in very low birth weight infants","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05274-0","article-title":"Risk factors and nomogram for the prediction of intracranial hemorrhage in very preterm infants","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.05.039","article-title":"Mechanical Ventilation Duration, Brainstem Development, and Neurodevelopment in Children Born Preterm: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"226","author":"Guillot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendy A , El-Sayed S , Bakry S , et al . The Stress Levels of Premature Infants\u2019 Parents and Related Factors in NICU. SAGE Open Nurs 2024;10. doi:10.1177\/23779608241231172","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608241231172"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02458-y","article-title":"Parental stress and nurse-parent support in the neonatal intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Konukbay","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423619000021","article-title":"Stress and feelings in mothers and fathers in NICU: identifying risk factors for early interventions","volume":"20","author":"Ionio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"2026070606101698000_16.7.e112385.62","unstructured":"Lehmann EL , D\u2019Abrera HJM . Nonparametrics: statistical methods based on ranks. New York NY: Springer, 2006:463."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112385","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:37:23Z","timestamp":1783345043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112385","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}