{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:18:42Z","timestamp":1772205522809,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKRI541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKRI541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neck pain (NP) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and affects more than 200\u2009million people. Incidence and associated economic burden are constantly increasing, and little is known about the factors that promote new and more severe episodes in those individuals with recurrent NP. Current evidence supports that changes in physical, psychological and social factors persist between NP episodes, and these changes might contribute to the development of new episodes. The End Recurrent Neck Pain (END-RNP) study aims to use physical, psychological and social factors tested while in symptom remission to predict, within a 12-month period, the frequency and severity of new NP episodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The END-RNP study is a multicentre, prospective cohort study conducted from March 2025 to February 2028 at the University of Birmingham and the University of Essex (UK). 300 adults reporting two or more NP episodes in the previous year will be recruited from September 2025 to form the recurrent NP cohort, and 48 adults without a history of NP will provide normative data. Laboratory testing will be conducted for all participants when pain-free by assessing cervical kinematics and proprioception, neck-muscle strength, endurance and activation, pain processing, psychological and social factors. All recurrent NP participants will complete online questionnaires every 2\u2009weeks for 12\u2009months, recording days with NP, pain intensity\/interference, healthcare use and other behavioural and environmental factors. Participants in the recurrent NP cohort who experience an acute NP episode during the 12-month follow-up will repeat the laboratory assessment. To develop the prediction models, candidate predictors will be the baseline measurements of any feature that shows either cross-sectional differences between recurrent NP and control groups or within-subject changes between the pain-free baseline and a pain episode. From the identified candidate predictors, two multivariable models will be developed using penalised regression, with (i) number of days with NP (linear regression) and (ii) NP severity (ordinal regression) as their respective dependent variables. Internal validation will use bootstrap resampling to estimate optimism-adjusted performance (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , C-statistic and calibration slope), prediction instability and uncertainty, and clinical utility. The models from the END-RNP study will provide clinical prediction tools to help identify those at high risk of frequent and severe NP episodes and to inform the personalised prevention of recurrent NP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The END-RNP study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the University of Birmingham (ERN_4005-Aug2025) and by the University of Essex (ETH2526-0098) on 2 September 2025, prior to the recruitment of the first participant. The findings will be presented at national and international conferences and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T14:40:47Z","timestamp":1772203247000},"page":"e112430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidomain evaluation and data-driven approaches to predict recurrent neck pain (END-RNP): a study protocol for a multicentre prospective longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Valter","family":"Devecchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7057-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5505-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Services, Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9373-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kym","family":"Snell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8699-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Falla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m791","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain in the general population, 1990-2017: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"368","author":"Safiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.3","unstructured":"Versus Arthritis . The state of musculoskeletal health 2024. Versus Arthritis; 2024."},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu F , Zhang X , Yang M , et al . Magnitude, temporal trend and inequality in burden of neck pain: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2025;26. doi:10.1186\/s12891-025-08342-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08342-3"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00321-1"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.6","unstructured":"Carroll LJ , Hogg-Johnson S , Haldeman S , et al . Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in the general population."},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.004"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8704","article-title":"The New Agenda for Neck Pain Research: A Modified Delphi Study","volume":"49","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.020"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095744"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.10.003","article-title":"To What Degree Does Active Cervical Range of Motion Differ Between Patients With Neck Pain, Patients With Whiplash, and Those Without Neck Pain? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Stenneberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0517-2","article-title":"Evidence for a general stiffening motor control pattern in neck pain: a cross sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Meisingset","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.10.002"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.01.004","article-title":"Variability of the helical axis during active cervical movements in people with chronic neck pain","volume":"62","author":"Alsultan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.11.001"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000141170.89317.0e","article-title":"Patients with neck pain demonstrate reduced electromyographic activity of the deep cervical flexor muscles during performance of the craniocervical flexion test","volume":"29","author":"Falla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249220","article-title":"Are neuromuscular adaptations present in people with recurrent spinal pain during a period of remission? a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Devecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13014","article-title":"Pressure pain thresholds in office workers with chronic neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Nunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.09.002","article-title":"Conditioned Pain Modulation and Temporal Summation of Pain in Patients With Traumatic and Non-Specific Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Arribas-Romano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-13","article-title":"Depression and anxiety as major determinants of neck pain: a cross-sectional study in general practice","volume":"10","author":"Blozik","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12389","article-title":"Do male and female patients with chronic neck pain really have different health\u2010related physical fitness, depression, anxiety and quality of life parameters?","volume":"20","author":"Yalcinkaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J of Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150587","article-title":"Do psychological states associate with pain and disability in chronic neck pain patients?","volume":"28","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMR"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.08.008","article-title":"The Role of Self-Efficacy on the Prognosis of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Martinez-Calderon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04957-4","article-title":"Neck pain: global epidemiology, trends and risk factors","volume":"23","author":"Kazeminasab","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2184","article-title":"Network analyses reveal the interaction between physical features, fear of movement and neck pain and disability in people with acute and chronic whiplash-associated disorders","volume":"28","author":"Anarte-Lazo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14696-8","article-title":"A network analysis reveals the interaction between fear and physical features in people with neck pain","volume":"12","author":"Devecchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086683","article-title":"Development and internal validation of a multivariable prognostic model to predict chronic pain after a new episode of non-specific idiopathic, non-traumatic neck pain in physiotherapy primary care practice","volume":"14","author":"Verwoerd","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.03.009","article-title":"Prognostic factors for persistent pain after a first episode of nonspecific idiopathic, non-traumatic neck pain: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Verwoerd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70168","article-title":"Physical and Psychological Predictors for Persistent and Recurrent Non-Specific Neck Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03660-0","article-title":"Neck pain patterns and subgrouping based on weekly SMS-derived trajectories","volume":"21","author":"Irgens","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104660","article-title":"The Effect of Experimentally Induced Pain in the Cervical, Shoulder, or Orofacial Regions on Cervical Neuromuscular and Kinematic Features: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Cabral","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105543","article-title":"The evidence for biomechanical and physiological parameters as biomarkers to discriminate between individuals with and without non-specific neck pain using sensor devices: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Dagli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11072042","article-title":"Assessment of Neuromuscular and Psychological Function in People with Recurrent Neck Pain during a Period of Remission: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses","volume":"11","author":"Alalawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07390-w","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration, cervical sensorimotor control, and cost of cognitive-motor dual tasking: Are there differences in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders and chronic idiopathic neck pain compared to healthy controls?","volume":"31","author":"Moustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003856","article-title":"Changes in Muscle Morphology in Female Chronic Neck Pain Patients Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"46","author":"Van Looveren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.08.008","article-title":"Chronic neck pain patients with traumatic or non-traumatic onset: Differences in characteristics. A cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Ris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1879","article-title":"The clinical course of neck pain: Are trajectory patterns stable over a 1\u2010year period?","volume":"26","author":"Irgens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","article-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","volume":"385","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_9_23","article-title":"Age- and gender-related radiological changes of the cervical spine: A study with largest magnetic resonance imaging database of 5672 consecutive patients","volume":"14","author":"Guvercin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1671-8"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1011-z"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800701309279"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.05.029"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02688-y"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.12.008"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00118-X"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12636","article-title":"Measurement Properties of the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Scerbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.248","article-title":"Are cervical physical outcome measures influenced by the presence of symptomatology?","volume":"7","author":"Sterling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiotherapy Res Intl"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3666","article-title":"Reliability, Standard Error, and Minimum Detectable Change of Clinical Pressure Pain Threshold Testing in People With and Without Acute Neck Pain","volume":"41","author":"Walton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phy Ther"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-181208","article-title":"Reliability of pressure pain threshold to discriminate individuals with neck and low back pain","volume":"34","author":"Zicarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMR"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.958"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000543","article-title":"Pain modulatory phenotypes differentiate subgroups with different clinical and experimental pain sensitivity","volume":"157","author":"Vaegter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0090-9"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111781"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99459-7","article-title":"Evaluation of head posture using an inertial measurement unit","volume":"11","author":"Al-Yassary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.11.012","article-title":"Measurement of uni-planar and sport specific trunk motion using magneto-inertial measurement units: The concurrent validity of Noraxon and Xsens systems relative to a retro-reflective system","volume":"92","author":"Cottam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/21679169.2023.2198562","article-title":"Agreement between a 3D camera system and an inertial measurement unit for assessing the range of motion, head repositioning accuracy and quality of movement during neck and head movements","volume":"26","author":"Christensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Physiother"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-07111-4","article-title":"Measurement properties of cervical joint position error in people with and without neck pain: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"25","author":"AlDahas","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2008.08.003"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvanitidis M , Ken Mak HH , Martinez-Valdes E , et al . Validation of a Novel device for Assessing Neck Muscle Strength. Arch Physioter 2025;148\u201357. doi:10.33393\/aop.2025.3476","DOI":"10.33393\/aop.2025.3476"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung M , Zind A , Ernst M . A new test protocol and device for measuring the cranio-cervical flexion test in participants with bruxism. Arch Physioter 2025;138\u201347. doi:10.33393\/aop.2025.3448","DOI":"10.33393\/aop.2025.3448"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa072","article-title":"Measurement Properties of the Craniocervical Flexion Test: A Systematic Review","volume":"100","author":"Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-408","article-title":"Reliability, construct and discriminative validity of clinical testing in subjects with and without chronic neck pain","volume":"15","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00708-8"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.66","unstructured":"Stegeman DF , Hermens HJ . Standards for surface electromyography: the European project \"Surface EMG for non-invasive assessment of muscles (SENIAM)\u201d."},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(88)90046-0","article-title":"E.m.g.\/moment relationships in neck muscles during isometric cervical spine extension","volume":"3","author":"Schuldt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0661-x"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.06.003"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2008.04.010"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-142"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.09.014"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley RD , Ensor J , Snell KIE , et al . Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model. BMJ 2020;m441. doi:10.1136\/bmj.m441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m441"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200302","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.202200302","article-title":"Stability of clinical prediction models developed using statistical or machine learning methods","volume":"65","author":"Riley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometrical J"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6","article-title":"Net benefit approaches to the evaluation of prediction models, molecular markers, and diagnostic tests","volume":"352","author":"Vickers","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.11.013","article-title":"Few promising multivariable prognostic models exist for recovery of people with non-specific neck pain in musculoskeletal primary care: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Wingberm\u00fchle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"2026022706404298000_16.2.e112430.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3453","article-title":"GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research","volume":"358","author":"Staniszewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T14:40:54Z","timestamp":1772203254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}}}