{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:48:49Z","timestamp":1782910129227,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001950","name":"American Tinnitus Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Objective diagnosis of tinnitus"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Objective diagnosis of tinnitus"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016608","name":"Rainwater Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Tide project - #18340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Tide project - #18340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tinnitus is the perception of sound without an external source, often considered a phantom percept similar to phantom limb sensations, resulting from maladaptive plasticity in the brain. The condition lacks an established biomarker for diagnosis but recent studies have linked it to neural changes. The Tinnitus Detection consortium aims to identify and validate potential biomarkers for tinnitus presence and intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicentre prospective case\u2013control study will recruit 560 adults (280 chronic tinnitus; 280 controls). Participants will complete standardised audiological and questionnaire assessments and then undergo 64-channel electroencephalography (and magnetoencephalography at one site) to record event-related potentials during (1) a cortical gap prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) paradigm assessing gap-related inhibition of the N1 response and (2) an omission auditory oddball paradigm quantifying mismatch negativity and P300 as candidate biomarkers of tinnitus presence and loudness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The identification of a biomarker for tinnitus is crucial for developing personalised diagnosis and treatment: There is a need for updated guidelines and more effective tinnitus treatments, as existing interventions often rely on subjective measures. The success of biomarkers like GPIAS and oddball paradigms could significantly improve the reliability of tinnitus diagnosis and treatment, marking a transformative step in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06520865\">NCT06520865<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1779195620000},"page":"e112788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Objective data-driven personalised approach to diagnosis of chronic tinnitus: the Tinnitus Detection (TIDE) project \u2013 protocol for the identification and validation of a biomarker for tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06520865","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Yasoda-Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elva","family":"Arulchelvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEG-Center, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"HIH, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"CIMeC, Center of Mind Brain Resarch, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Central Sensory Processes Lab, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Engelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima T","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science and The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6242-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namitha","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science and The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kleinjung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gibbeum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science and The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Knipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Langguth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"CIMeC, Center of Mind Brain Resarch, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Neff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ralston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Central Sensory Processes Lab, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Riegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"R\u00fcttiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Schlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Information and Process Management, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, St Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beat","family":"T\u00f6dtli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Process Management, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, St Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam S","family":"Shabestari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shagun","family":"Ajmera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science and The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Staudinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Wolpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R","family":"Cederroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70160-1"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018466108"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4003"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.12"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2189","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Jarach","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.0566"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP565","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613221139211","article-title":"Correlation Between Tinnitus Handicap and Depression and Anxiety Scores","volume":"104","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002116"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.12.002","article-title":"Deafferentation-based pathophysiological differences in phantom sound: Tinnitus with and without hearing loss","volume":"129","author":"Vanneste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1672762","article-title":"Speech recognition thresholds correlate with tinnitus intensity in individuals with primary subjective tinnitus","volume":"16","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1751366","article-title":"Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in individuals with primary subjective tinnitus and their associations with tinnitus occurrence and severity","volume":"16","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edvall NK , Mehraei G , Claeson M , et al . Alterations in auditory brain stem response distinguish occasional and constant tinnitus. J Clin Invest 2022;132. doi:10.1172\/JCI155094","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI155094"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02820-0"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276140","article-title":"Invariant structural and functional brain regions associated with tinnitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Moring","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-023-00920-3","article-title":"Screening for Circulating Inflammatory Proteins Does Not Reveal Plasma Biomarkers of Constant Tinnitus","volume":"24","author":"Cederroth","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103309","article-title":"Burden of rare variants in synaptic genes in patients with severe tinnitus: An exome based extreme phenotype study","volume":"66","author":"Amanat","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00053","article-title":"Dissociating tinnitus patients from healthy controls using resting-state cyclicity analysis and clustering","volume":"3","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Netw Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00802","article-title":"Why Is There No Cure for Tinnitus?","volume":"13","author":"McFerran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000067570"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/290425","article-title":"Hyperacusis Questionnaire as a Tool for Measuring Hypersensitivity to Sound in a Tinnitus Research Population","volume":"2015","author":"Fackrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00272","article-title":"Validation of Online Versions of Tinnitus Questionnaires Translated into Swedish","volume":"8","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.02.017"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1399-9","article-title":"Systematic review of outcome domains and instruments used in clinical trials of tinnitus treatments in adults","volume":"17","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811403882","article-title":"Tinnitus handicap inventory for evaluating treatment effects: which changes are clinically relevant?","volume":"145","author":"Zeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822f67c0"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.06.004","article-title":"Tinnitus Functional Index: Development, validation, outcomes research, and clinical application","volume":"334","author":"Henry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90120-5"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-025-00999-w","article-title":"Inhibition of Cortical Evoked Responses to Sound Pulses by Preceding Silent Gaps","volume":"26","author":"Shabestari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.1.188"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2008\/08-0006)"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00088","article-title":"Gap-Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex (GPIAS) for Tinnitus Assessment: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"Galazyuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.05.011"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000156"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.8.815"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00019","article-title":"Differential Neural Responses Underlying the Inhibition of the Startle Response by Pre-Pulses or Gaps in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Moreno-Paublete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.05.031"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.04.008"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan A , Luckey A , Weisz N , et al . Predisposition to domain-wide maladaptive changes in predictive coding in auditory phantom perception. Neuroimage 2022;248. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118813"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1308-19.2019"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.10.004"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad132","article-title":"A parahippocampal-sensory Bayesian vicious circle generates pain or tinnitus: a source-localized EEG study","volume":"5","author":"De Ridder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/612147","article-title":"The enigma of the tinnitus-free dream state in a Bayesian world","volume":"2014","author":"De Ridder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.07.012"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.04.001","article-title":"The Bayesian brain: Phantom percepts resolve sensory uncertainty","volume":"44","author":"De Ridder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.004"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117807108"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117807108"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-019-0633-7"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093087","article-title":"Tinnitus Guidelines and Their Evidence Base","volume":"12","author":"Langguth","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2736","article-title":"Hearing loss and tinnitus--are funders and industry listening","volume":"31","author":"Cederroth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021556"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.03.012","article-title":"Current Clinical Trials for Tinnitus: Drugs and Biologics","volume":"53","author":"Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00447","article-title":"Innovations in Doctoral Training and Research on Tinnitus: The European School on Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Research (ESIT) Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Schlee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.005","article-title":"Towards a unification of treatments and interventions for tinnitus patients: The EU research and innovation action UNITI","volume":"260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911268107"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09656","article-title":"Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity","volume":"470","author":"Engineer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature New Biol"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12178-w","article-title":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired with Tones for the Treatment of Tinnitus: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Controlled Pilot Study in Humans","volume":"7","author":"Tyler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.15914","article-title":"Reversing Synchronized Brain Circuits Using Targeted Auditory-Somatosensory Stimulation to Treat Phantom Percepts: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb2830","article-title":"Bimodal neuromodulation combining sound and tongue stimulation reduces tinnitus symptoms in a large randomized clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Conlon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7117","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227117","article-title":"Minimal Clinically Important Difference of Tinnitus Outcome Measurement Instruments\u2014A Scoping Review","volume":"12","author":"Langguth","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S , Kalappa BI , Tzounopoulos T . Noise-induced plasticity of KCNQ2\/3 and HCN channels underlies vulnerability and resilience to tinnitus. Elife 2015;4. doi:10.7554\/eLife.07242","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07242"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5176-14.2015"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302770110"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.121232"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010086","article-title":"Development, Insults and Predisposing Factors of the Brain\u2019s Predictive Coding System to Chronic Perceptual Disorders-A Life-Course Examination","volume":"14","author":"Yasoda-Mohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.026"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1622"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.5.878"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0157-09.2009"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200108080-00031"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(03)00148-X"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04845.x"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0177-y"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5003-11.2012"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0114-13.2013"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9537"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Haan M . Infant EEG and event-related potentials. Psychology Press, 2013.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203759660"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2012.09.002","article-title":"Event-related potentials for 7-month-olds\u2019 processing of animals and furniture items","volume":"3","author":"Elsner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070104552335000_16.5.e112788.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.013"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:12:10Z","timestamp":1782907930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}}}