{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:52:52Z","timestamp":1782492772536,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"East Africa","award":["U01AI069911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069911"]}]},{"name":"NA-ACCORD","award":["U01AI069918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069918"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"The Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Africa","award":["U01AI096299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI096299"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CCASAnet","award":["U01AI069923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069923"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2019s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"West Africa","award":["U01AI069919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069919"]}]},{"name":"The Harmonist project","award":["R24AI24872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24AI24872"]}]},{"name":"Asia-Pacific","award":["U01AI069907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069907"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Southern Africa","award":["U01AI069924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069924"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic threatened global HIV Test and Treat Efforts. We assessed whether it affected (1) the number of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiations and (2) the proportion of timely ART initiations in people living with HIV (PLWH) globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quasi-experimental, regression discontinuity design using routinely collected data from HIV clinics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>360 HIV care clinics across primary and secondary levels of care, participating in the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS consortium, in 31 countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>177 391 PLWH (\u226518 years old) who initiated ART 2 years before and 1 year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in their country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was the number of ART initiations per week; the secondary outcome was the proportion of timely ART initiations (ie, ART initiated within 7\u2009days of enrolment). We assessed changes in these outcomes in the 52\u2009weeks after compared to the 104\u2009weeks before the pandemic onset, defined using each country\u2019s peak Oxford Stringency Index score between January and June 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 177 391 newly enrolled PLWH, 129\u2009743 initiated during the pre-pandemic and 47\u2009648 post-pandemic onset. 72.5% of ART initiations were timely pre-pandemic whereas 82.3% were during the pandemic. Absolute number of ART initiations remained stable during the pandemic period in 25 of 31 countries but decreased significantly in six countries: India (\u22125.0\u2009p, 95%\u2009CI \u22129.2 to \u22120.7), Rwanda (\u221210.0\u2009p, \u221218.6 to \u22121.4), Malawi (\u221233.4\u2009p, \u221254.1 to \u221212.3), South Africa (\u2212130.8\u2009p, \u2212188.6 to \u221273.1), Zimbabwe (\u221212.9\u2009p, \u221220.0 to \u22125.8) and Togo (\u221219.6\u2009p, \u221239.1 to \u22120.1). The proportion of timely initiations was stable in all countries except in Kenya (+4.2\u2009pp, 95%\u2009CI +0.3\u2009to +8.1) and in Mozambique (+2.7\u2009pp, +0.5\u2009to +4.9), where it increased significantly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A deeper understanding of the factors that contributed to sustaining ART initiations, particularly in settings with stringent public health and social measures, is needed. These insights should inform preparedness strategies, resource allocation and policy development to ensure continuity of HIV services during future health emergencies, in line with World Health Organisation recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-112903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:55:45Z","timestamp":1773154545000},"page":"e112903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on ART access and timely initiation in people living with HIV in 31 countries: a regression discontinuity design study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6362-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihane","family":"Ben Farhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res Department of Epidemiology and Training, Epicentre, Paris, France"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eug\u00e8ne","family":"Messou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme PACCI\/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohidas","family":"Borse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BJ Government Medical Center, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3243-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Varela Bustillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras"},{"name":"Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, 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