{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:49:47Z","timestamp":1782262187699,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore existing strategies for managing sleep disorders in individuals with vision impairment (VI), identifying interventions, geographical trends and research gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medline ALL (Ovid), Embase and Web of Science Core Collection, with supplementary searches in Google Scholar. The final search was completed on 28 November 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Original research studies examining strategies to manage sleep disorders in adults (\u226518 years) with VI, published in English. Studies focusing on animal models or unrelated to sleep management were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts using Covidence, extracted data using a predefined form and resolved discrepancies by consensus. A narrative synthesis approach was used to summarise findings by intervention type, study design and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 4368 records screened, 16 studies met inclusion criteria. Participants ranged from 18 years to 85 years (median 40.5). Most studies included individuals with no light perception, though VI definitions were often inconsistent. Pharmacological interventions dominated (13\/16, 81.3%), mainly melatonin or melatonin receptor agonists, with some use of zopiclone, low-dose benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants. Non-pharmacological approaches were under-represented, including bright light exposure (n=1), virtual Hatha yoga (n=1) and caffeine modulation (n=1). Substantial variation existed in sleep assessment methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review highlights the predominant focus on pharmacological treatments, especially melatonin, while non-pharmacological strategies remain underexplored. Future research should explore accessible, non-pharmacological interventions and address sleep health inequities faced by individuals with VI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>10.17605\/OSF.IO\/7E83R.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-113100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T06:10:53Z","timestamp":1766643053000},"page":"e113100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sleep improvement strategies for people with vision impairment: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1686-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict","family":"Leonard-Hawkhead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mapa Prabhath","family":"Piyasena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University Vision and Eye Research Institute, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6265-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tunde","family":"Peto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Virgili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence, Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Eye clinic, AOU Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R M A","family":"van Nispen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7071-109X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703485116000_15.12.e113100.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13628","article-title":"Sleep, insomnia and mental health","volume":"31","author":"Palagini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026010703485116000_15.12.e113100.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070811","article-title":"Association between Visual Impairment and Low Vision and Sleep Duration and Quality among Older Adults in South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Peltzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026010703485116000_15.12.e113100.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.3\/slockley","article-title":"Visual impairment and circadian rhythm disorders","volume":"9","author":"Lockley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026010703485116000_15.12.e113100.4","unstructured":"Provencio I , Cooper HM , Foster RG , et al . 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