{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:04:48Z","timestamp":1784563488252,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the latent profiles of vicarious trauma among emergency trauma nurses in China and examine the factors associated with these profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>195 hospitals at Level 2 and above across 22 provincial-level administrative regions in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From January to March 2025, 930 emergency trauma nurses were recruited using a convenience sampling method (valid questionnaire response rate: 96.37%). All participants held a valid nursing practice certificate and had at least 1 year of trauma care experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vicarious trauma, work engagement, stressor and coping style were measured using the Vicarious Traumatization Questionnaire, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Stressor Scale for Emergency Nurses and the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three latent profiles of vicarious trauma were identified: low vicarious trauma group (35.38%), moderate vicarious trauma group (52.37%) and high vicarious trauma group (12.25%). The entropy value was 0.897, indicating good classification accuracy. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that gender, psychological trauma training, stressors, work engagement, positive coping and negative coping were significantly associated with the latent profiles of vicarious trauma (all p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emergency trauma nurses exhibit heterogeneous patterns of vicarious trauma. Male nurses, those with high stressor exposure, low work engagement, negative coping styles and no prior psychological trauma training may be at greater risk. Nursing managers should develop targeted interventions for these high-risk groups to mitigate vicarious trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-113569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:30:20Z","timestamp":1784561420000},"page":"e113569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Current situation and influencing factors of vicarious trauma among emergency trauma nurses in China: a latent profile analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0078-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"La","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079259","article-title":"Trauma nursing competency in the emergency department: a concept analysis","volume":"14","author":"Baik","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16938","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Nurses Working in the Emergency Department or Trauma Care Settings","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.3","unstructured":"WHO . Injuries and violence, 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/injuries-and-violence"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106384","article-title":"Simplified Chinese Trauma Advanced Practice Nurses\u2019 Core Competency Scale: A development and psychometric validation study","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02018-4","article-title":"Exposure to secondary traumatic stress and its related factors among emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia: a mixed method study","volume":"23","author":"Alshammari","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.07.003"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00975140"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16918","article-title":"Vicarious trauma in nursing: A hybrid concept analysis","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320951962","article-title":"Professional Interpreters and Vicarious Trauma: An Australian Perspective","volume":"31","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2007.02.007"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12734","article-title":"Vicarious trauma in nursing professionals: A concept analysis","volume":"57","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Forum"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.12","first-page":"2198","article-title":"Research progress of vicarious trauma assessment tools and coping strategies for clinical nurses","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Res"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.13","first-page":"702","article-title":"Investigation on the current status of vicarious traumatization among medical staff in the front line of the D-19 pandemic in 8 tertiary grade A hospitals in Henan province","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Mang"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380251320990","article-title":"Vicarious Traumatization Among Emergency Medical Service Personnel: A Systematic Review","volume":"27","author":"Meeker","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13235"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104613","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of a predictive model for compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses: A cross-sectional study","volume":"148","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2017.1371958","article-title":"One, two or three dimensions of work engagement? Testing the factorial validity of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale on a sample of Polish employees","volume":"25","author":"Kulikowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13243","article-title":"Relationships between resilience, empathy, compassion fatigue, work engagement and turnover intention in haemodialysis nurses: A cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.19","unstructured":"Long A . Research on the relationship among workplace violence, empathy fatigue, and work engagement of emergency nurses [M.A. Thesis]. Kunming Medical University, 2023"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7228","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147228","article-title":"Compassion Satisfaction, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Burnout among Nurses Working in Trauma Centers: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0000000000000787","article-title":"Stress and Coping in Emergency Nurses Following Trauma Patient Care: A Qualitative Grounded Theory Approach","volume":"31","author":"Gillespie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Trauma Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2018.01.005","article-title":"Development and psychometric properties of the stressor scale for emergency nurses","volume":"39","author":"Yuwanich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.23","unstructured":"Wang X . Manual of Mental Health Rating Scales. Beijing: China Mental Health Press, 1999."},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.24","first-page":"4915","article-title":"Effects of treating trauma survivors: vicarious traumatization and style of coping","volume":"60","author":"Weaks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2348-3","article-title":"Moderating effects of coping on work stress and job performance for nurses in tertiary hospitals: a cross-sectional survey in China","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-02976-3","article-title":"Latent profile analysis of mental workload among emergency department nurses: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.27","first-page":"140","article-title":"Status Quo and Influencing Factors of Vicarious Trauma Among Assistance Staff of Child-bereft Families in Wuhan","volume":"35","author":"li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Soc (Berkeley)"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004710"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000486"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.31","unstructured":"Han X . The construction of vicarious traumatization questionnaire for trauma helpers and its primary application [M.A. Thesis]. Harbin Engineering University, 2009"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094949","article-title":"Vicarious Traumatization Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties Using Rasch Model and Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"18","author":"Norhayati","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaufeli W , Bakker A . Utrecht work engagement scale: preliminary manual [version 1, november 2003]: utrecht: occupational health psychology unit, utrecht university. 2003.","DOI":"10.1037\/t76451-000"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.34","first-page":"268","article-title":"The Chinese Version of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: An Examination of Reliability and Validity","volume":"03","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.35","first-page":"18","article-title":"Analysis of the relationship between work engagement, decent work perception, and job burnout among clinical nurses","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Occupation and Health"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.36","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Translation and psychometric test of the Chinese version of the Stressor Scale for Emergency Nurses","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Emerg Crit Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1365304","article-title":"A Comparison of Three-Step Approaches for Auxiliary Variables in Latent Class and Latent Profile Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1026905","article-title":"Trajectories and predictors of vicarious traumatization in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.41","first-page":"1499","article-title":"Status quo of vicarious trauma in clinical nurses and its correlation with empathy and perceived social support","volume":"38","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Res"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.42","first-page":"70","article-title":"Examining the Relationship Between Selected Demographics and Levels of Vicarious Trauma among teachers working in Educational Assessment and Resource Centres in Kenya","volume":"7","author":"Sirera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00641-z","article-title":"Emotion management and stereotypes about emotions among male nurses: a qualitative study","volume":"20","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Morato","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.44","first-page":"2367","article-title":"Factors influencing quality of life and work of male nurses in Hainan Province: logistic regression analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.02.002","article-title":"Compassion fatigue in critical care nurses and its impact on nurse-sensitive indicators in Saudi Arabian hospitals","volume":"33","author":"Alharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14889","article-title":"Social cognitive theory-based health promotion in primary care practice: A scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811441","article-title":"Mindfulness-Based Intervention for the Reduction of Compassion Fatigue and Burnout in Nurse Caregivers of Institutionalized Older Persons with Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"19","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838021991310","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Vicarious Trauma Interventions for Service Providers Working With People Who Have Experienced Traumatic Events","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzac059","article-title":"Exploring the impact of employee engagement and patient safety","volume":"34","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.50","first-page":"3042","article-title":"Burnout and Its Relationship with Work Engagement in Healthcare Professionals: A Latent Profile Analysis Approach","volume":"11","author":"Luna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Care (Don Mills)"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13348","article-title":"Conservation of resources theory in nurse burnout and patient safety","volume":"73","author":"Prapanjaroensin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saakvitne KW . Vicarious traumatization: how trauma work affects the helpers. Encyclopedia of Mental Health 2023;561\u201372. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-323-91497-0.00138-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91497-0.00138-7"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15925","article-title":"Effects of burnout and work engagement in the relationship between self-efficacy and safety behaviours-A chained mediation modelling analysis","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16863","article-title":"The Relationship Between Work Engagement and Safety Behaviour of Oncology Nurses: A Latent Profile Analysis","volume":"82","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321398","article-title":"Current status and influencing factors of nurses\u2019 work engagement in Chinese tertiary hospitals: A latent profile analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.56","unstructured":"Li H . Current status and influencing factors of alternative trauma among emergency nurses in three grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shenyang City. Occupation and Health 2019;35."},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16061","article-title":"A theoretical framework for Acute Care Nurse Stress Appraisal: Application of the transactional model of stress and coping","volume":"80","author":"de Cordova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.58","unstructured":"Chen X , Guo S , Yuan W . Study on the Correlation between Vicarious Trauma and Coping Styles of Medical Team Members in Hubei under COVID-19. Chin Med Ethic 2021;34."},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.59","article-title":"Experiences of partners of professional nurses venting traumatic information","volume":"23","author":"Rabie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health SA"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17863-w","article-title":"The mediating role of coping styles in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: a cross-sectional study among nurses","volume":"24","author":"Huda","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026072008301287000_16.7.e113569.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2024055","article-title":"Vicarious trauma, coping strategies and nurses\u2019 health outcomes: An exploratory study","volume":"11","author":"Piras","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-113569","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:30:28Z","timestamp":1784561428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-113569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-113569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-113569","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}