{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:06:11Z","timestamp":1779793571577,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000008","name":"David and Lucille Packard Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021-72199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-72199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-046501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-046501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the feasibility of the confidante methodology to measure past-year intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences in Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) through (1) comparison of direct assessment with indirect estimation via the confidante method and (2) assessment of the performance of each confidante method assumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study with nationally and subnationally representative data collected from December 2020 to March 2021 in Burkina Faso (national) and from December 2021 to April 2022 in Kinshasa and Kongo Central, DRC (subnational).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Burkina Faso; Kinshasa, DRC; Kongo Central, DRC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Partnered women (married or cohabiting) aged 15\u201349 in Burkina Faso (N=3047), Kinshasa, DRC (N=702) and Kongo Central, DRC (N=688) and their partnered confidantes aged 15\u201349 (N=2064 in Burkina Faso, N=304 in Kinshasa, DRC, N=393\u2009women in Kongo Central, DRC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Past-year IPV (emotional, physical, sexual, any) comparing differences in prevalence between the direct respondent sample and the indirect confidante sample, adjusting for confidante method assumptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The confidante method produced comparable IPV estimates to respondents\u2019 direct reports across sites (35.3% respondent vs 36.1% confidante in Kinshasa, DRC; 29.7% respondent vs 39.0% confidante in Kongo Central, DRC; 25.7% respondent vs 26.0% confidante in Burkina Faso, differences not statistically significant). Of note, there were differences in IPV estimates between respondents and confidantes by IPV subtype, with physical IPV consistently lower among respondents across sites and sexual IPV lower among confidantes in Kinshasa, DRC and Burkina Faso, though generally not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The confidante methodology did not afford advantages over standard, direct assessment for IPV. Overall, findings indicate the reliability of population-based surveys with direct IPV questions when implemented under recommended ethical guidelines, though direct reports are likely undercounts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-114411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T09:05:43Z","timestamp":1779786343000},"page":"e114411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measurement innovation for sensitive behaviours: applying direct and social network-based estimation approaches to intimate partner violence in Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of the Congo using cross-sectional data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haley L","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7650-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne O","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiacre","family":"Bazi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences de la Population, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Centre Region, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Guiella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences de la Population, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Centre Region, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dynah M","family":"Kayembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo (the Democratic Republic)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre Z","family":"Akilimali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo (the Democratic Republic)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele R","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4389-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon N","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052603464126000_16.5.e114411.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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