{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:18:39Z","timestamp":1787804319779,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["227089\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227089\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are proposed to be pathophysiological mechanisms underlying some cases of depressive and bipolar (mood) disorders. An unresolved clinical question is whether sleep and circadian-based therapies are effective antidepressants for young adults (18\u201330\u2009years) with a mood disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MELODY (Melatonin for Depression in Youth) is an investigator-initiated, single-centre, phase 3, randomised controlled trial with two blinded pharmacological arms (melatonin vs placebo) and one open-label digital intervention arm (digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I)). The trial is testing whether 12 weeks of adjunctive melatonin or dCBT-I are more effective than pill placebo at reducing depressive symptoms in 660 young people aged 18\u201330\u2009years with a Structured Clinical Interview for (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; SCID-5) diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar Disorder type II, moderate to severe depressive symptoms and significant sleep or sleep-wake complaints. The week 12 primary outcome is depressive symptoms (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Adolescent version). Secondary outcomes include partial remission of the Major Depressive Episode (SCID-5) and change in other mental health symptoms, sleep, functioning or quality of life. A subset of participants will undergo in-home assessment of sleep physiology (Sleep Profiler) and in-lab assessment of circadian rhythms (dim-light melatonin onset) to examine biological changes. A 6-month follow-up will explore durability of treatment effects. Mediation analyses will test whether sleep or circadian rhythm changes play a causal role in antidepressant effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MELODY has been reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the Sydney Local Health District (HREC Approval Number: X23-0450, Protocol version: 1.4, 7\/7\/25). The findings of the MELODY trial will be disseminated into the scientific and clinical communities via refereed publications, talks and other professional and media outlets. The Brain and Mind Centre\u2019s Lived Experience Working Group will contribute to dissemination of MELODY\u2019s findings via youth-friendly methods (eg, social media videos, explainers).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACTRN12624000017527.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-114817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:36:53Z","timestamp":1787801813000},"page":"e114817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MELODY trial: study protocol for a 12-week randomised controlled trial of adjunctive melatonin, digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia or pill placebo to improve depressive symptoms in young adults with mood disorders"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob J","family":"Crouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirim","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J","family":"Hockey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alissa","family":"Nichles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Zmicerevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi R","family":"Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald R","family":"Grunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L","family":"Naismith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"The University of Sydney Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R","family":"Merikangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean W","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Medland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1109-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Iorfino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas DA","family":"Uebergang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9766-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne S","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliana","family":"Tonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayonika","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre Lived Experience Working Group, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6235-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake A","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne M","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjali K","family":"Henders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Ju Christine","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre Lived Experience Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian B","family":"Hickie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Right care, first time: a highly personalised and measurement-based care model to manage youth mental health","volume":"211 Suppl 9","author":"Hickie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00163-9","article-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health","volume":"11","author":"McGorry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-022-00275-3","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions in the early course of bipolar disorder I or II: a report of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Taskforce on early intervention","volume":"11","author":"Ratheesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30292-X","article-title":"Early intervention for depression in young people: a blind spot in mental health care","volume":"6","author":"Davey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02202-z"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21324","article-title":"Views of international experts on challenges to early intervention for bipolar disorder","volume":"24","author":"Cotton","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01012-1","article-title":"Depression in young people","volume":"400","author":"Thapar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.010"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.5051","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence and Disability From Mental Disorders Across Childhood and Adolescence: Evidence From the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"81","author":"Kieling","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5270","article-title":"Adolescents and young adults who are not in employment, education, or training","volume":"347","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51308"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091936","article-title":"The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"9","author":"Ferrari","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20128"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915784"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.067"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102111"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20941"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.038","article-title":"Estimating the global treatment rates for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"295","author":"Mekonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12847"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00034-1"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.045","article-title":"Circadian depression: A mood disorder phenotype","volume":"126","author":"Carpenter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.23","unstructured":"Wellcome Trust . Sleep, circadian rhythms and mental health: advances, gaps, challenges and opportunities. 2022."},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0255-y","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and psychiatric profiles in young adults with unipolar depressive disorders","volume":"8","author":"Robillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30136-X","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders","volume":"7","author":"Freeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03560-7","article-title":"Prediction of mental health risk in adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Hill","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.23","article-title":"Dynamic networks of psychological symptoms, impairment, substance use, and social support: The evolution of psychopathology among emerging adults","volume":"65","author":"Crouse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crouse JJ , Carpenter JS , Burns AC , et al . Proposal for Circadian Rhythms and Their Behavioral Outputs as Biomarkers in DSM-6: Response to Cuthbert et al. Am J Psychiatry 2026. doi:10.1176\/appi.ajp.20260227","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20260227"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201300086"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-33","article-title":"Delayed sleep onset in depressed young people","volume":"14","author":"Glozier","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13304","article-title":"Does circadian dysrhythmia drive the switch into high- or low-activation states in bipolar I disorder?","volume":"25","author":"Hickie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21154"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.22","article-title":"Sleep Disorders and Risk of Incident Depression: A Population Case-Control Study","volume":"22","author":"Byrne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104585","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of sleep and circadian rhythms disturbances in individuals at high-risk of developing or with early onset of bipolar disorders","volume":"135","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.007","article-title":"A network analysis of rest-activity rhythms in young people with emerging bipolar disorders","volume":"305","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2360","article-title":"Clinical Stage Transitions in Persons Aged 12 to 25 Years Presenting to Early Intervention Mental Health Services With Anxiety, Mood, and Psychotic Disorders","volume":"76","author":"Iorfino","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00118.x"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.38","first-page":"266","article-title":"Some effects of melatonin and the control of its secretion in humans","volume":"117","author":"Arendt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ciba Foundation Symposium"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60095-0"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.10.1181"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.013"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0902"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.8.1119"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32832c260b"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300698","article-title":"Melatonin treatment of winter depression following total sleep deprivation: waking EEG and mood correlates","volume":"30","author":"Danilenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00128-5"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602425103"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90066-7"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.024"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12755","article-title":"Melatonin as a treatment for mood disorders: a systematic review","volume":"136","author":"De Crescenzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.70141","article-title":"Essential Information About Chronobiology and Chronotherapy for the Optimal Care of People With Bipolar Disorders: An Expert Consensus","volume":"28","author":"Crouse","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001149","article-title":"Does online insomnia treatment reduce depressive symptoms? A randomized controlled trial in individuals with both insomnia and depressive symptoms","volume":"49","author":"van der Zweerde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13140","article-title":"Insomnia as a mediating therapeutic target for depressive symptoms: A sub-analysis of participant data from two large randomized controlled trials of a digital sleep intervention","volume":"30","author":"Henry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz150","article-title":"Depression prevention via digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00800-3","article-title":"Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Digit Med"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.13024","article-title":"Digital cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with insomnia and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003421","article-title":"Treating depression with a smartphone-delivered self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a parallel-group randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.58","unstructured":"Wellcome Trust . What science has shown can help young people with anxiety and depression. 2022."},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004467"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13777"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70614","article-title":"One Eye Open: Reflections on Embedding Lived Experience in Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Mood Disorder Research","volume":"29","author":"Hockey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"First MB . Structured clinical interview for the (scid). In: The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology.n.d.: 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479216.corpsy0956"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S400591","article-title":"The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Adolescent Version (QIDS-A17): A Psychometric Evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Haley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2012.636266"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3298"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1614.2005.01714.x"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.66"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.061960"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.062","article-title":"The effect of self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on depressive symptoms: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"265","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30215-9","article-title":"The addition of fluoxetine to cognitive behavioural therapy for youth depression (YoDA-C): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Davey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.73","unstructured":"Trust TW . Improving recruitment and retention in mental health clinical trials: The role of digital tools. Wellcome Open Res 2025;10."},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20182"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.02.004"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.79"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2017.10"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.101004323.x"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.067231"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12084"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12988","article-title":"The 11\u2010item and 14\u2010item versions of the Altman Self\u2010Rating Mania Scale","volume":"139","author":"Altman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1642"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.12.023"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044731","article-title":"Neurobiology Youth Follow-up Study: protocol to establish a longitudinal and prospective research database using multimodal assessments for current and past mental health treatment-seeking young people within an early intervention service","volume":"11","author":"Nichles","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3042","article-title":"Could Polygenic Risk Scores Be Useful in Psychiatry?","volume":"78","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.14","article-title":"Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores in youth mental health: preliminary associations with diagnosis, clinical stage and functioning","volume":"7","author":"Crouse","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032580","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Australian genetics of depression study","volume":"10","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02492-x"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674231195571","article-title":"Preliminary results from the Australian Genetics of Bipolar Disorder Study: A nation-wide cohort","volume":"57","author":"Lind","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.03.003"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304251328501"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304251349408","article-title":"Evidence for Internal Misalignment of Circadian Rhythms in Youth With Emerging Mood Disorders","volume":"40","author":"Carpenter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpab018","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on sleep-wake behaviors in adolescence","volume":"2","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"SLEEP Advances"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3136"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2593-4_3","article-title":"Measuring Dim Light Melatonin Onset in Humans","volume":"2550","author":"Hilaire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.07.007","article-title":"Sleep-wake profiles and circadian rhythms of core temperature and melatonin in young people with affective disorders","volume":"94","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00624","article-title":"Parallel Changes in Mood and Melatonin Rhythm Following an Adjunctive Multimodal Chronobiological Intervention With Agomelatine in People With Depression: A Proof of Concept Open Label Study","volume":"9","author":"Robillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6618","article-title":"The Accuracy, Night-to-Night Variability, and Stability of Frontopolar Sleep Electroencephalography Biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"Levendowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6262","article-title":"Validation of a Wireless, Self-Application, Ambulatory Electroencephalographic Sleep Monitoring Device in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Finan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204621","article-title":"The pupillary light reflex distinguishes between circadian and non-circadian delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) phenotypes in young adults","volume":"13","author":"McGlashan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonini E , Hickie IB , Shin M , et al . Dim light sensitivity and delayed sleep timing in young people with emerging mental disorders. medRxiv [Preprint]. doi:10.64898\/2026.03.02.26347467","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.02.26347467"},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.106","unstructured":"Agency EM . ICH E9 (R1) addendum on estimands and sensitivity analysis in clinical trials to the guideline on statistical principles for clinical trials. 2020."},{"key":"2026082404151034000_16.8.e114817.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20745"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-114817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:37:07Z","timestamp":1787801827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-114817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-114817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-114817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}}}