{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:46:47Z","timestamp":1785847607768,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Imperial College London Open Access Fund","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012295","name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012295","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity disproportionately impacts people with intellectual disabilities (PwID). Given the challenges that PwID face, such as cognitive deficits, differences in motivation and communication difficulties, the need for tailored interventions for weight management in PwID is recognised. Yet, this population is underserved, with limited weight management interventions for them compared with the general population. Existing reviews suggest that \u2018multi-component\u2019 interventions (including physical activity and dietary advice) are impactful at reducing weight in PwID; however, less is known about how these interventions are tailored for PwID, particularly in addressing their cognitive and communication difficulties which may influence how they understand and engage with strategies. Additionally, the acceptability and impact of these interventions on health behaviours are less explored. These indicate a need for a better understanding of these aspects to inform the future development and implementation of impactful interventions. To address this need, this review aims to assess the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions for weight management for PwID at reducing weight and improving healthy weight behaviours (eg, physical activity and diet), evaluate their acceptability, and explore how the interventions are tailored for PwID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review will be structured using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study frameworks. PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science will be searched for weight management interventions for PwID. The titles, abstracts and full texts of the identified articles will be screened by two independent reviewers followed by data extraction into a predetermined form. The quality of the included articles will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias 2 tool (for randomised controlled trials) and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (for all other study designs). Meta-analyses will be conducted to synthesise the overall impact of the interventions on weight-related and behavioural outcomes (where feasible). Quantitative data ineligible for the meta-analyses and qualitative data about the intervention characteristics and acceptability will be narratively synthesised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval is not required for this study, as it will use publicly available data only. The findings will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42024621920.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-115188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:56:30Z","timestamp":1785844590000},"page":"e115188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acceptability and impact of weight management interventions for adults with intellectual disability: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0292-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ananya","family":"Ananthakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Meinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8960-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosiered","family":"Brownson-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Truro, UK"},{"name":"CIDER, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1159\/000511023","article-title":"Obesity Prevalence in the Long-Term Future in 18 European Countries and in the USA","volume":"13","author":"Janssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801891"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.3","first-page":"239","article-title":"Health impacts of Obesity","volume":"31","author":"Djalalinia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci Q"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/291546","article-title":"Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer","volume":"2013","author":"De Pergola","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2020.1811","article-title":"Health risks associated with high waist circumference: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Darsini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health Res"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20091"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12370","article-title":"Prevalence and potential factors associated with overweight and obesity status in adults with intellectual developmental disorders","volume":"31 Suppl 1","author":"Ranjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12100"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.9","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edn. DSM Library, Available: https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/book\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12417"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013489","article-title":"Cause of death and potentially avoidable deaths in Australian adults with intellectual disability using retrospective linked data","volume":"7","author":"Trollor","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053499","article-title":"Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disability study: summary of findings and the protocol for the 10-year follow-up study","volume":"12","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.01.011","article-title":"Health care expenditures of overweight and obese U.S. adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13097","article-title":"The inclusion of adults with intellectual disabilities in health research - challenges, barriers and opportunities: a mixed-method study among stakeholders in England","volume":"68","author":"Bishop","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7463.414"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-132","article-title":"Weight management interventions in adults with intellectual disabilities and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"12","author":"Spanos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12928","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on obesity-related parameters in people with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Salse-Bat\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12090"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12648","article-title":"Gender differences in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Westrop","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.06.008","article-title":"Physical activity levels in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Dairo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2020.02.02","article-title":"A clinical primer on intellectual disability","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00307.x"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2010.05508.x","article-title":"Obesity interventions for people with a learning disability: an integrative literature review: Obesity interventions for people with a learning disability","volume":"67","author":"Jinks","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896912441240"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.07.019"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12384"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12922","article-title":"A manualised weight management programme for adults with mild-moderate intellectual disabilities affected by excess weight: A randomised controlled feasibility trial (Shape Up-LD)","volume":"35","author":"Lally","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0290-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of a walking programme to support adults with intellectual disabilities to increase physical activity: walk well cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Melville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.12.006"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.10.021","article-title":"The effects of multi-component weight management interventions on weight loss in adults with intellectual disabilities and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"72","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.014","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions targeting changes in body weight and composition among youth with an intellectual disability: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Ma\u00efano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13098","article-title":"Lifestyle modification interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis at intervention and component levels","volume":"68","author":"Rana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.01.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of weight regain","volume":"93","author":"Busetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12596","article-title":"Healthcare practitioners\u2019 views and experiences of barriers and facilitators to weight management interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities","volume":"32","author":"Doherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-5-199709010-00008"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.38","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . Obesity: identification, assessment and management. Nice guideline [CG189]. Available: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg189"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.40","unstructured":"Risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. Available: https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/risk-bias-2 [Accessed 12 Oct 2024]."},{"key":"2026080404551835000_16.8.e115188.41","unstructured":"Hong QN , Pluye P , F\u00e0bregues S , et al . Mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT). Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry Canada, 2018."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-115188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:56:41Z","timestamp":1785844601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-115188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-115188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-115188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}}}