{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T19:13:57Z","timestamp":1779390837305,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the burden of diabetes and prediabetes in the educational sector in Bahawalpur City, Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teaching institutes of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, during January 2024 to December 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 955 participants from 15 universities, colleges and schools were included. Eligible participants were aged 18\u201375 years and employed as teachers or academic staff and enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Primary anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, smoking status and HbA1c levels were recorded. Prediabetes was defined as HbA1c 5.7\u20136.4% and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as HbA1c \u22656.5%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 955 participants, 622 (65.1%) were male and 713 (74.7%) were teaching staff. The median age was 42 years, and median BMI was 27.3\u2009kg\/m\u00b2. The prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM was 31.7% and 15.4%, respectively, with 8.5% newly diagnosed cases of T2DM. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis found that age (p=0.006), BMI (p=0.008) and family history of diabetes (p&lt;0.001) were independent predictors of prediabetes\/T2DM. Males had a higher median HbA1c (5.60%, IQR: 5.20\u20136.30) than females (5.40%, IQR: 5.20\u20135.80). HbA1c levels rose with age: 6.10% (IQR: 5.75\u20138.95) in ages 61\u201375, 5.80% (IQR: 5.40\u20136.80) in 46\u201360 and 5.35% (IQR: 5.00\u20135.70) in 18\u201345. Higher education was associated with lower HbA1c (above master\u2019s: 5.40%, IQR: 5.10\u20135.80). No significant HbA1c differences were found by occupation (p=0.711) or income (p=0.655). Hypertensive individuals had a higher HbA1c (5.90%, IQR: 5.40\u20136.85)\u2009versus non-hypertensives (5.50%, IQR: 5.10\u20135.90), and those with a family history also had elevated HbA1c (5.70%, IQR: 5.30\u20136.50)\u2009versus those without (5.40%, IQR: 5.10\u20135.90). HbA1c correlated moderately with age (r=0.388) and weakly with BMI (r=0.228) and waist circumference (r=0.254) (all p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights a significant prevalence of T2DM and prediabetes in the educational sector of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Increasing age, BMI and positive family history of diabetes were independent predictors of prediabetes\/T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-115283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:35:14Z","timestamp":1779388514000},"page":"e115283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden of diabetes and prediabetes among teaching and non-teaching staff in educational institutions of Bahawalpur, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study (BDEB study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9309-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qazi Masroor","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raheel","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2594-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadaf","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Saad","family":"Gardezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleena","family":"Masroor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahida Islam Teaching Hospital and Medical College, Lodhran, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052111350621000_16.5.e115283.1","unstructured":"Members. 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