{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:05:07Z","timestamp":1785416707699,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["825RC766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825RC766"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82304262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Graduate Student Innovation Research","award":["Qhys2024-418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qhys2024-418"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202408460019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202408460019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-management behaviours are crucial for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but adherence is often poor. Most studies treat diabetes self-management (DSM) behaviours as a single construct, ignoring variations in behavioural patterns and their metabolic impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to identify distinct DSM behaviour profiles in T2DM patients, explore associated factors, and compare their metabolic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicentre cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted from March to September 2024 at four tertiary care hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 304 patients diagnosed with T2DM were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcomes and measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcomes were DSM behaviours, self-efficacy, habit strength and metabolic indicators (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index). Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct DSM behaviour profiles. Univariate analyses (\u03c7\u00b2 test or Fisher\u2019s exact test, as appropriate) were performed to identify factors associated with profile membership, followed by multinomial logistic regression analysis. Analysis of variance with post hoc tests was used to compare metabolic indicators across profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three distinct profiles were identified: low-engagement (14.0%), moderate-engagement (12.0%) and high-engagement behaviours (74.0%). These profiles were significantly associated with self-efficacy, personal monthly income, medication duration and diabetes-related complications (all p&lt;0.05). Compared with the high-engagement profile, the moderate-engagement profile had significantly higher HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol, with the lowest high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, whereas the low-engagement profile showed higher fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure (all p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distinct DSM behaviour profiles exist among patients with T2DM and are influenced by psychosocial and clinical factors. The high-engagement behaviour profile was associated with more favourable glycaemic and lipid control, whereas the low- and moderate-engagement behaviour profiles were linked to poorer metabolic outcomes. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions targeting behaviour-specific profiles to optimise metabolic management in T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-116185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:45:18Z","timestamp":1785415518000},"page":"e116185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Latent profiles of self-management behaviours in patients with type 2 diabetes and their associations with metabolic outcomes in China: a multicentre cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5809-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caihua","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaining","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongcun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Seidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien Xi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073005450899000_16.7.e116185.1","unstructured":"IDF diabetes atlas 2025. 2025. 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