{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:05:28Z","timestamp":1790003128319,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NHSX: Digital Health Partnership Award - Supporting People at Home 2021"},{"name":"Peninsula Medical Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital health technologies are rapidly increasing within healthcare services; however, adoption remains limited. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are digital software designed to support decision-making. Reporting practices for CDSS development remain inconsistent and methodological guidance is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify and synthesise the methods used to capture and map clinical knowledge for the development of knowledge-based CDSSs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>English-language studies (2012\u20132024) describing the development of knowledge-based CDSSs and reporting of the methods used to construct their knowledge bases. Eligible study designs included qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods research. Commentaries, editorials and conference abstracts without full texts were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sources of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science and Embase were searched. No protocol was published.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Charting methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were extracted on study characteristics, clinical domain and approaches used to capture and structure knowledge for CDSS development. Methods were synthesised descriptively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 10 578 records screened, 67 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies spanned 24 countries and 46 clinical areas. Five main approaches to knowledge-base creation were identified: consultation with domain experts, use of clinical practice guidelines, literature reviews, ontologies and historical clinical data. Domain-expert input was the most common method (65%; 44\/67), although reporting was inconsistent, with 61% (27\/44) studies not specifying the number of experts involved and 45% (20\/44) not reporting their professional backgrounds. Across studies, substantial variation and gaps were observed in the documentation of knowledge-capture processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methods for constructing knowledge bases in CDSSs are highly heterogeneous and often poorly reported. Greater standardisation\u2014potentially through dedicated reporting guidelines or methodological frameworks may strengthen transparency, reproducibility and the design quality of future CDSSs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-116525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:28:47Z","timestamp":1790000927000},"page":"e116525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scoping review of the methods used to map clinical expertise and knowledge in the creation of knowledge-based clinical decision support systems"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Bounsall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8261-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cen","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Technology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precious","family":"Onyeachu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Haunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"},{"name":"University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Allgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille B","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092107251923000_16.9.e116525.1","unstructured":"Osheroff JA , Teich J , Levick D , et al . 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